ANS Flashcards by BF Rivera

WHAT IS RELATIONSHIP BW ANS AND OTHER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS what are 2 major communication systems

2. ES

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WHAT IS RELATIONSHIP BW ANS AND OTHER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS what is NS divided into

2. PNS

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WHAT IS RELATIONSHIP BW ANS AND OTHER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS what is PNS divided into

autonomic NS

2. somatic NS

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WHAT IS RELATIONSHIP BW ANS AND OTHER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS what is autonomic NS divided into

afferent pathway

2. efferent pathway

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WHAT IS RELATIONSHIP BW ANS AND OTHER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS what is efferent pathway divided into

3 systems

sympathetic NS
parasympathetic NS
enteric NS

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what does afferent pathway do

messages go from body to ANS

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what does efferent pathway do

messages go from ANS to body

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WHAT ARE MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NS AND ES how does NS act

fast

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WHAT ARE MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NS AND ES how does ES act

slow

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WHAT ARE MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NS AND ES what do hormones in ES travel through

blood

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WHAT ARE GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF OF ANS what are general functions of ANS

homeostasis

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WHAT ARE GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF OF ANS what is homeostasis

regulatory mechanism. that serves to maintain const internal enviro in face of changes

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WHAT ARE GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF OF ANS what system does homeostasis not regulate

skeletal system

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COMPARISON OF AUTONOMIC NS AND SOMATIC NS what does somatic NS innervate

skeletal muscle

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COMPARISON OF AUTONOMIC NS AND SOMATIC NS what do somatic nerves pass through to get to effectors

1 neuron link efferent pathway

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COMPARISON OF AUTONOMIC NS AND SOMATIC NS what transmitter involved in taking message to effectors of somatic nerves

Ach

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COMPARISON OF AUTONOMIC NS AND SOMATIC NS what does autonomic NS innervate

smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glands

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COMPARISON OF AUTONOMIC NS AND SOMATIC NS what is response of effectors of autonomic nerves

excitatory

2. inhibitory

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COMPARISON OF AUTONOMIC NS AND SOMATIC NS what do autonomic nerves pass through to get to effectors

2 neuron link efferent pathway

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COMPARISON OF AUTONOMIC NS AND SOMATIC NS what transmitters are involved in taking message to effectors of autonomic nerves

Ach
norepinephrine
epinephrine

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LOCATION OF CELL BODIES OF PRE GANGLIONIC FIBRES where are cell bodies of parasympathetic pre gang fibres located

cranial region of brain stem

2. sacral region of brain stem

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LOCATION OF CELL BODIES OF PRE GANGLIONIC FIBRES where are cell bodies of sympathetic pre gang fibres located

thoracic region of SC

2. lumbar region of SC

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what is in centre of spinal cord

grey matter

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what surrounds grey matter

white matter

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where are cell bodies of somatic nerves located

ventral horn (in grey matter of SC)

what do axons of somatic nerves travel to from ventral horn

1. ventral root 2. spinal nerve 3. skeletal muscle

where are cell bodies of parasympathetic pre gang fibres located

lateral horn (in grey matter of cranial sacral regions of SC)

where do axons of parasympathetic pre gang axons travel to from lateral horn

1. ventral root 2. spinal nerve 3. ganglion

where does parasympathetic post gang neurons terminate

ANS targets 1. smooth muscle 2. cardiac muscle 3. glands

where are cell bodies of sympathetic pre gang fibres located

lateral horn (in grey matter of thoracic lumbar regions of SC)

where do axons of sympathetic pre gang axons travel to from lateral horn

1. ventral root 2. spinal nerve 3. white ramus communicans 4. sympathetic chain

what happens once sympathetic pre gang axon in sympathetic chain

1. terminate at first ganglion it comes into contact with 2. terminate at more distant ganglion 3. terminate at pre vertebral / collateral ganglion

where is pre vertebral / collateral ganglion located

in front of vertebral column

where do axons of sympathetic post gang axons travel to from ganglion

1. grey ramus communicans | 2. ANS targets

GANGLION what can happen at ganglion

1 pre gang fiber communicate w multiple post gang fibres multiple pre gang fibres communicate w one post gang fibres

GANGLION what is divergence

1 pre gang fiber communicate w multiple post gang fibres

GANGLION what is convergence

multiple pre gang fibres communicate w one post gang fibre

what happens when post gang fibre reaches smooth muscle

split into branches that cover smooth muscle cell

what can be found along branches

varicosities

what do varicosities contain

vesicles containing transmitter

SYMPATHO ADRENAL SYSTEM what does sympatho stand for

sympathetic NS

SYMPATHO ADRENAL SYSTEM what does adrenal stand for

adrenal gland

SYMPATHO ADRENAL SYSTEM what is adrenal medulla

inner portion of adrenal gland

SYMPATHO ADRENAL SYSTEM what innervates adrenal medulla

sympathetic pre gang fibres

SYMPATHO ADRENAL SYSTEM what will sym pre gang fibers communicate with

chromaffin cells within adrenal medulla

SYMPATHO ADRENAL SYSTEM what is within chromaffin cells

hormones that are produced by adrenal medulla

SYMPATHO ADRENAL SYSTEM what are chromaffin cells equivalent to

sym post gang fibres

SYMPATHO ADRENAL SYSTEM what is the function of sym pre gang fibres

stimulate chromaffin cells to release hormones

ANS TRANSMITTERS AND RECEPTORS what transmitter released from axon terminal of somatic nerve

Ach

ANS TRANSMITTERS AND RECEPTORS what transmitter released from parasym pre gang fibres

Ach

ANS TRANSMITTERS AND RECEPTORS what transmitter released from sym pre gang fibres

Ach

ANS TRANSMITTERS AND RECEPTORS what trasnmitter released from parasym post gang fibres

Ach

ANS TRANSMITTERS AND RECEPTORS what transmitter released from sym post gang fibres

ANS TRANSMITTERS AND RECEPTORS what hormones does adrenal medulla store and release

1. adrenaline | 2. NA

CHOLINERGIC NERVE TERMINAL where is Ach produced

terminals of parasym + sym pre gang fibres

CHOLINERGIC NERVE TERMINAL how is Ach produced

Acetyl CoA + choline

CHOLINERGIC NERVE TERMINAL what causes reaction bw Acetyl CoA and choline

acetyl trasnferase

CHOLINERGIC NERVE TERMINAL where is Ach stored

vesicles

CHOLINERGIC NERVE TERMINAL what causes Ach to be released

CHOLINERGIC NERVE TERMINAL what happens when AP from axon travels to terminal

1. Ca channels open 2. Ca ions flow into terminal 3. Ca causes vesicles to migrate to outer mem 4. vesicles fuse to outer mem 5. vesicles release contents

CHOLINERGIC NERVE TERMINAL how is Ach cleared away

acetyl cholinesterase breaks down Ach into choline + acetate

NA / A VARICOSITY where is NA produced

terminals of sym post gang fibres

NA / A VARICOSITY what is NA produced from

aa tyrosine

NA / A VARICOSITY what happens when aa tyrosine enters varicosity

1. tyrosine converted to DOPA | 2. DOPA converted to dopamine (DA)

NA / A VARICOSITY what happens to DA produced in varicosity

moves into vesicles within varicosity

NA / A VARICOSITY what happens to DA when it is inside vesicle within varicosity

DA converted to NA

NA / A VARICOSITY how is NA released

NA / A VARICOSITY what receptors do NA bind to

adrenergic receptors

NA / A VARICOSITY how is NA cleared away

taken back up into varicosity

what receptors does Ach bind to

cholinergic receptors

what receptors do NA and adrenaline bind to

adrenergic receptors

what are cholinergic receptors divided into

1. nicotinic cholinergic receptors | 2. muscarinic cholinergic receptors

what are nicotinic cholinergic receptors divided into

1. Nm | 2. Nn

where are Nm nicotinic receptors found

skeletal muscle

where are Nn nicotinic receptors found

1. adrenal medulla | 2. autonomic ganglia

what are muscarinic cholinergic receptors

M1 to M5

where are M1- M5 receptors located

ANS targets innervated by para sym post gang fibres

what can NA act as

1. transmitter | 2. hormone

when does NA act as transmitter

when released from sym post gang fibres

when does NA act as hormone

when released from adrenal medulla

what are adrenergic receptors divided into

1. alpha | 2. beta

where are adrenergic receptors located

ANS targets that get acted on by NA

what kind of receptors are cholinergic nicotinic receptors

- ligand gated ion channel receptors | - ionotropic receptors

what kind of receptors are cholinergic muscarinic receptors + adrenergic receptors

metabotropic receptors

NICOTINIC RECEPTORS how many subunits

NICOTINIC RECEPTORS what is state of pore most of time

closed

NICOTINIC RECEPTORS what happens when Ach transmitter binds to receptor

changes from closed state to opened state

NICOTINIC RECEPTORS what subunit does Ach transmitter bind to

alpha

MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS + ADRENERGIC what is another name for muscarinic + adrenergic receptors

serpentine

NICOTINIC RECEPTORS what do serpentine receptors contain

7 regions

HOW DOES TRANSMITTER BRING ABOUT RESPONSE INSIDE CELL what happens when Ach binds to nicotinic receptor

1. gate in pore opens 2. Na ions move into cell 3. EPSP 4. voltage gated Na channels to open 5. more Na move from outside of cell to inside of cell

what kind of receptors are muscarinic and adrenergic

G protein coupled receptors

what is the function of enzymes

catalyze production of second messenger

what form do protein kinases exist in

inactive form

what activates protein kinases

second messenger

what does NANC stand for

non cholinergic non adrenergic

what are 4 NANC transmitters

1. peptides 2. amines 3. amino acids 4. gases

how are most targets of ANS innervated

dually - parasympathetic - sympathetic

why are most targets of ANS dually innervated

balance activity of parasympathetic + sympathetic

what are 4 exceptions to dual innervation

1. sweat glands 2. arterioles 3. urinary bladder 4. genitalia

what does activation of 2 systems sometimes produce

similar / complementary effects

what happens when both parasym and sym innervating genitalia are activated

- parasym ==> point | - sym ==> shoot

what are actions of parasympathetic NS referred to as

rest + digest

what are actions of sympathetic NS referred to as

fright + fight + flight

FRIGHT + FIGHT + FLIGHT when does sym + sympatho adrenal system function

1. all the time to maintain homeostasis | 2. some of time in emergency situations

FRIGHT + FIGHT + FLIGHT what happens when sympathetic system activated in emergency situation (cardio-6)

1. increased heart rate 2. increase force of contraction 3. increased bp 4. increased blood flow to essential tissues 5. decreased blood flow to non-essential tissues 6. dilated airways

FRIGHT + FIGHT + FLIGHT what happens when sympathetic system activated in emergency situation (metabolism - 2)

1. increased breakdown of glycogen | 2. increased breakdown of fats

FRIGHT + FIGHT + FLIGHT what happens when sympathetic system activated in emergency situation (others-3)

1. pupils dilate 2. eyelids retract 3. increased sweating

AUTONOMIC REFLEXES what is general scheme of reflex arc

1. stimulus 2. receptor 3. afferent / sensory pathway 4. integrator in brain or spinal cord 5. efferent / motor pathway 6. effector 7. response

AUTONOMIC REFLEXES what are 3 centres in CNS for integrating autonomic reflexes

1. hypothalamus 2. medulla 3. spinal cord

AUTONOMIC REFLEXES what autonomic reflexes are integrated in hypo

1. temp regulation

AUTONOMIC REFLEXES what autonomic reflexes are integrated in medulla

1. blood pressure

AUTONOMIC REFLEXES what reflexes are integrated in SC

1. urination 2. defecation 3. erection

MICTURITION REFLEX what is micturition

putting out of urine from urinary bladder

MICTURITION REFLEX what is urinary bladder composed of

smooth muscle

MICTURITION REFLEX what innervates smooth muscle of urinary bladder

parasympathetic NS

MICTURITION REFLEX how can urine be stores in bladder

external sphincter closed

MICTURITION REFLEX what innervates external sphincter

somatic NS

MICTURITION REFLEX what causes urination

1. stretch 2. stretch receptors 3. afferent / sensory pathway 4. integrate in SC 5. efferent / motor pathway (parasympathetic) 6. Ach released at smooth muscle cell 7. smooth muscle contracts

ROLE OF ANS IN BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION what happens when arterioles narrow

high resistance to blood flow | harder for blood to flow through

ROLE OF ANS IN BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION what happens when arterioles wide

low resistance to blood flow (easier for blood to flow through )

ROLE OF ANS IN BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION what is bp equation

heart rate x force x resistance (offered by arterioles)

ROLE OF ANS IN BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION what happens when bp increases

1. stretch 2. stretch receptors 3. afferent / sensory pathway 4. integrate in medulla 5. efferent / motor pathway (parasym + sym)

ROLE OF ANS IN BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION what needs to happen for bp to decrease

1. decrease heart rate 2. decrease force 3. decrease resistance offered by arterioles

ROLE OF ANS IN BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION what causes bp to decrease

1. increase parasympathetic activity | 2. decrease sympathetic activity

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG how to gain heat

increase metabolism

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG how to lose heat

1. radiation | 2. evaporation

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG what is radiation

1. more blood flow to skin 2. more heat brought to skin 3. more heat can be lost through radiation

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG how can body temp be increased

1. increase production of heat | 2. decrease loss of heat

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG how can we increase heat production

1. increase metabolism | increase activity of sympathetic NS

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG how can we decrease loss of heat

1. piloerection (increase activity of sym NS) 2. vasoconstriction (increase activity of sym NS) 3. inhibit sweating (decrease activity of sym NS)

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG what is piloerection

- hairs on skin stand on end | - hairs on skin trap layer of relatively warm air

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG why would we want vasoconstriction

- reduced blood flow to skin | - reduced heat loos

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG why would we want to inhibit sweating

- less evaporation

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG what kind of nerve innervates sweat glands

sym post gang fibers

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG what kind of transmitter released from sym post gang fibres that innervate sweat glands

Ach instead of NA

DRUGS what can drug interfere with

1. synthesis of transmitter 2. storage of transmitter in vesicles 3. release of transmitter 4. inactivation of transmitter 4. receptors

DRUGS what is agonist

drug that binds to receptor of transmitter and activates them

DRUGS what are antagonists

drugs that binds to receptor of transmitter and prevents transmitter from binding

DRUGS what is atropine

muscarinic receptor agonist

DRUGS what fibres act on muscarinic receptors

parasympathetic post gang fibres

DRUGS what happens when Ach binds to muscarinic receptors in pupil

pupil dilates

DRUGS what happens when atropine gets in eye

pupil dilates