CARDIO 2 Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
where are atrial ventricular valves found
A
bw atria and ventricles
2
Q
what is bicuspid / mitral valve
A
AV valve bw L atrium and L ventricle
3
Q
what is tricuspid valve
A
AV valve bw R atrium and R ventricle
4
Q
where are SL valves found
A
bw ventricles and arteries which ventricles pump their blood to
5
Q
what is aortic valve
A
SL valve bw L ventrice and aorta
6
Q
what is pulmonary valve
A
SL valve bw R ventricle and pulmonary trunk / pulmonary artery
7
Q
what do valves contain
A
flaps
8
Q
what is base of valve attached to
A
valve rings
9
Q
what do valves allow for
A
unidirectional flow
10
Q
what causes valves to open
A
differences in pressure (passive)
11
Q
why is opening and closing of valve passive
A
does not require energy to open / close
12
Q
what kind of pressure gradient opens valves
A
- forward pressure gradient
- pressure greater behind valve
13
Q
what kind of pressure gradient closes valves
A
- backward pressure gradient
- pressure greater infront of valve
14
Q
what causes AV valves to open
A
pressure in atria greater than pressure in ventricles
15
Q
what causes AV valves to close
A
pressure in ventricles greater than pressure in atria
16
Q
what makes up AV valve apparatus (3)
A
- flaps
- chordae tendinae
- papillary
17
Q
what is function of papillary muscle
A
pull on chordae tendinae causing them to become tight
18
Q
when do papillary muscles contract
A
when ventricle contracts
19
Q
why do papillary muscles contract when ventricles contract
A
- pressure increases in ventricles
- AV valve closes
- chordae tendinae keeps AV valve closed
20
Q
what makes AV valves diff from SL valves
A
- AV valves have valve apparatus
- SL valves do not have valve apparatus
21
Q
what is cardiac skeleton made of
A
dense CT separating atria and ventricles
22
Q
what does cardiac skeleton include
A
- valve rings
2. dense CT bw valve rings
23
Q
what is result of cardiac skeleton being made of dense CT
A
not electrically active
24
Q
what does cardiac skeleton block
A
direct spread of impulse from atria to ventricles
25
what is cardiac muscle considered
syncytium
26
why is cardiac muscle considered syncytium
myocytes act together
27
what allows for myocytes to act together
1. physical coupling (desmosomes)
2. electrical coupling (gap junctions
3. chemical coupling (gap junctions)
28
what are 2 functional syncytia in heart
- L and R atrium =1
| - L and R ventricle = 1
29
what kind of property does heart have
all or none
- all myocytes respond + are excited
- no myocytes respond + are excited
30
how does heart contact in series
1. L and R atria depolarize and contract
| 2. L and R ventricles depolarize and contract
31
what does and does not generate AP s in hearr
does ==> heart
| does not ==> neural stimulation + hormonal stimulation
32
what is AP origin
myogenic / muscular
33
what are 2 types of myocytes
1. contractile cells
| 2. conducting cells
34
what is the function of contractile cells
1. squeezing blood
| 2. propelling blood
35
where do contractile cells receive AP s from
1. adjacent contractile cells
| 2. conducting cells
36
what is the function of conducting cells
1. initiate AP
2. conduct AP
3. cause contractile cells to contract
37
what kind of cells are conducting cells
auto-rhythmic
38
what do conducting cells make up
conducting system of heart
39
CONDUCTING SYSTEM what are regions of conducting system
1. SA node
2. inter nodal pathways
3. AV node
4. bundle of his
5. L and R bundle branches
6. purkinje fibres
40
CONDUCTING SYSTEM what is located in regions of conducting system
conducting myocytes
41
CONDUCTING SYSTEM where do inter nodal pathways extend from
1. SA node to AV node
| 2. R atrium to L atrium
42
CONDUCTING SYSTEM what does bundle of his pass through
cardiac skeleton
43
CONDUCTING SYSTEM what do L and R bundle branches pass through
inter ventricular septum
44
CONDUCTING SYSTEM where do L and R bundle branches separate
apex
45
CONDUCTING SYSTEM what do purkinje fibres pass through
ventricular myocardium
46
CONDUCTING SYSTEM what is only electrical connection bw atria and ventricles
1. AV node
| 2. bundle of his
47
CONDUCTING SYSTEM how do regions of conducting system differ
rate w which they generate AP s
48
CONDUCTING SYSTEM what region of conducting system generates AP s at fastest rate
SA node
49
CONDUCTING SYSTEM what is SA node referred to as
cardiac pace maker
50
CONDUCTING SYSTEM why is SA node referred to as pace maker
generates AP s that set heart rate
51
CONDUCTING SYSTEM what happens when SA node generates AP
1. AP spreads through inter-nodal pathways to contractile cells in L and R atria
2. AP spreads through inter-nodal pathways to AV node
52
CONDUCTING SYSTEM what happens when AP travels through inter-nodal pathways to AV node
only atria contracts
53
CONDUCTING SYSTEM what is AV delay
slow propagation of AP s from AV node to bundle of his
54
CONDUCTING SYSTEM what does AV delay ensure
1. ventricles relaxed while atria contracting
| 2. ventricles have enough time to fill w blood before contracting
55
CONDUCTING SYSTEM how does excitation travel through conducting system
gap junctions
56
CONDUCTING SYSTEM how does excitation travel from conducting cell to contractile cell
gap junctions
57
CONDUCTING SYSTEM what happens at same time that excitation traveling to AV node
excitation travelling from conducting cells to contractile cells
58
CONDUCTING SYSTEM what happens when excitation spreads to contractile cells in atrial myocardium while excitation spreads to AV node
1. atrial myocardium contracts
| 2. atrial myocardium relaxes
59
CONDUCTING SYSTEM what happens after atrial myocardium relaxes
1. excitation spreads to bundle of his
2. excitation spreads to L and R bundle branches
3. excitation spreads to purkinje fibres
60
CONDUCTING SYSTEM what happens when excitation spreads to purkinje fibres
1. ventricular myocardium contracts
| 2. ventricular myocardium relaxes
61
what are 2 types of AP s in heart
1. fast response AP
| 2. slow response AP
62
what produces fast response AP s (3)
1. contractile myocytes of atrial myocardium
2. contractile myocytes of ventricular myocardium
3. conducting myocytes
a. bundle of his
b. L and R bundle branches
c. purkinje fibres
63
what produces slow response AP s (2)
1. conducting myocytes
a. SA node
b. AV node
64
what is fast response AP
rapid rate of depol
65
what is slow response AP
slow rate of depol
66
what is concentration of K inside and outside cell
- inside, high
| - outside, low
67
what is concentration of Na inside and outside cell
- inside, low
| - outside, high
68
what is concentration of Ca inside and outside cell
- inside, low
| - outside , high
69
SLOW AP what are phases of slow AP
1. pacemaker potential
2. depol
3. repol
70
SLOW AP what is pacemaker potential
gradual depol to threshold
71
SLOW AP what is rate of pacemaker potential
slow
72
SLOW AP what is function of pacemaker potential
generate AP wout nerves or hormones (external stimuli)
73
SLOW AP what ion channels are involved in pacemaker potential
1. K channel
2. F type channel
3. T type channel
74
SLOW AP how do K channels contribute to pacemaker potential
- K out
| - makes mem potential neg
75
SLOW AP how do F type channels contribute to pacemaker potential
- Na in
| - depolarizing current
76
SLOW AP how do T type channels contribute to pacemaker potential
- Ca in
- depolarizing current
(FINAL DEPOLARIZING BOOST)
77
SLOW AP what channels are involved in depol
1. L type channel
78
SLOW AP what are characteristics of L type channel
1. open slowly
2. open for long period of time
3. depol mem slowly
79
SLOW AP what channels are involved in repol
1. K channel
80
SLOW AP how to K channels contribute to repol
- K out
| - makes mem potential neg
81
SLOW AP what is happening to K channels during pacemaker potential
- starting to close
| - less K out
82
SLOW AP how long do T type channels remain open
briefly
83
SLOW AP what happens when mem potential reaches new transiently pos value
1. L type channels close
| 2. K channels open
84
SLOW AP how does pacemaker potential of AV node differ from pacemaker potential of SA node
rise to threshold more slow
