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Anatomy > ANS (Sept 24) > Flashcards

ANS (Sept 24) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main role of the ANS?

A

-controls involuntary muscles (eg heart and smooth muscle) -sensory part of system made of visceral afferent nerves -interoreceptors: sensory receptors- ex: located in arch of aorta which are sensing BP all the time -maintain homeostasis!!!!

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2
Q
A
  • somatic sensory division: come from body (eg touch/temp sensations from skin that we are consciously aware of)
  • autonomic sensory division: BP detectors, GI tract (not aware)
  • PNS: set of nerves running through tissues
  • CNS: brain and spinal cord
  • motor divison: motor outputs
  • somatic motor division: consciously control actions of skeletal muscle
  • autonomic motor division: controlling action of internal organs which is involuntary
  • parasympathetic: rest, relaxation, rumination (resting activities to maintain homeostasis)
  • sympathetic: flight, fright, fight (designed to energize body to meet challenge in environment)
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3
Q

What system does this represent?

A
  • somatic nervous system
  • motor outputs to control muscles and glands
  • voluntary circuit has 1 neuron that connects spinal cord or brainstem to voluntary muscles
  • no ganglia
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4
Q

What is a ganglia?

A
  • collection of nerve cell bodies outside of CNS
  • found in tissues or beside vertebral column
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5
Q

What system does this represent?

A
  • autonomic nervous system
  • 2 neuron circuit
  • preganglionic neuron which originates in spinal cord and connects with ganglia
  • postganglionic neuron sends its axon to target tissue (involuntary muscles, cardiac muscle, epithelial cells making up glands secreting oil, sweat, hormones)
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6
Q

Key NTs in somatic versus autonomic systems

A
  • somatic: ACh
  • autonomic: ACh in preganglionic neuron, postganglionic will release ACh in parasympathetic system or NE in sympathetic system
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7
Q

Parasympathetic and sympathetic effects on heart

A

-sympathetic: speeds up heart rate (tachycardia-positive chronotropic effect), and increases force of contractions (positive inotropic effect)

  • parasympathetic: slows heart rate (brachycardia- negative chronotropic effect), decreases strength of contractions (negative inotropic effect); appropriate response as you’re not using skeletal muscle so you don’t need to send blood there- send it to create urine, etc.
  • parasympathetic is dominant
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8
Q

Parasympathetic and sympathetic effects on GI tract

A
  • sympathetic: reduces activity (in fight or flight, shunt blood away from GI tract and send to heart, lungs, brain, skeletal muscle- not important in that moment to break down food)
  • parasympathetic: increases activity (digest meal, increase muscular and glandular activity in GI tract)
  • parasympathetic is dominant
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9
Q

What type of output does this represent?

A
  • sympathetic
  • ganglia reside close to vertebral column so preganglionic neuron is shorter
  • postganglionic neuron must be long to reach target
  • needs to activate many body systems at the same time; best way to talk to these systems is to stand back and shout it out (short preganglionic fibre)
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10
Q

What type of output does this represent?

A
  • parasympathetic
  • long preganglionic neuron stretches to target organ
  • ganglia is found within walls of the organs (liver, stomach, heart, etc.)
  • have fine tuned ability to talk to specific organs (longer preganglionic neuron to go right to organ it needs to, picks organ, and “whispers” instructions directly to that organ)
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11
Q

What type of receptor is found on ganglia?

A
  • nicotinic cholinergic receptor
  • stimulated by ACh
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12
Q

In parasympathetic division, what receptors are found on target tissue?

A
  • muscarinic ACh receptors
  • ACh used on effector
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13
Q

In sympathetic division, what receptors are found on target tissue?

A

-adrenergic receptors

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14
Q

If all autonomic input was stopped to heart, what would happen to heart rate and force of contraction?

A
  • heart rate would increase and force of contractions would increase
  • if heart is removed, it will still beat on its own
  • has its own pacemaker cells (100bpm in adult)
  • if we removed autonomic input, heart rate would go from resting HR of 75bpm up to 100bpm
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15
Q

If a sympathectomy was performed in heart, what would be observed effect in heart rate and force of contraction?

A

-decrease in BP and heart rate

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16
Q

What type of autonomic innervation is observed in visceral arterioles?

A
  • almost only sympathetic input
  • arteries leading into abdominopelvic cavity
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17
Q

What type of autonomic innervation is observed in the iris sphincter?

A

-only parasympathetic inputs (constricts pupil)

18
Q

What type of autonomic innervation is observed in the radial muscle?

A

-only sympathetic input (dilates pupil)

19
Q

What type of autonomic innervation is observed in eccrine sweat glands?

A

-sympathetic input

20
Q

If all autonomic input to the peripheral blood vessels were to stop what would happen?

A
  • blood vessels would dilate and BP decreases
  • blood vessels only have sympathetic input which are there to increase BP and do that by constricting blood vessels
  • if you take that away, blood vessels dilate and BP decreases
21
Q

Parasympathetic input in sphincter muscle causes iris/pupil to contract. The constriction of the pupil is called…

A

miosis (to make smaller ie. halving DNA content of cell)

22
Q

Sympathetic stimulation causes radial muscles to contract. The relaxation of the pupil is called…

A

-mydriasis

23
Q

Two types of output in sympathetic system

A

-thoracic and lumbar

24
Q

Atropine blocks the muscarinic cholinergic neurons. What would this drug do to pupil size?

A

-the pupil would dilate (mydriasis)

25
Q

Two locations of output in parasympathetic system

A

-cranial output and sacral output

26
Q

What is SLUDD?

A

Salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation

-functions of parasympathetic ANS

27
Q

What is importance of cranial nerve 10?

A
  • vagus nerve
  • innervates almost all organs in thoracic cage and many in abdominal cavity as well
  • many branches
  • heart, bronchioles, liver, stomach, most of intestine (sacral output is responsible for defecation outputs)
28
Q

What is sympathetic chain ganglia?

A
  • ganglia are far from effectors
  • sympathetic system
  • beside vertebral column
  • when preganglionic fibres come into sympathetic chain ganglia, axon will split and signal will move up and down chain ganglia
  • activates as many things all at once to energize body quickly
29
Q

What are collateral ganglia?

A
  • far from effectors
  • sitting near major blood vessels in abdominal cavity
  • celiac ganglia, superior mesenteric ganglia, and inferior mesenteric ganglia
  • way for sympathetic system to talk quickly to GI tract and urogenital systems to shut them off and divert blood to priority areas
  • some sympathetic neurons have axon collaterals that send messages up and down sympathetic trunk ganglia and also out to collateral ganglia
30
Q

Do you get sympathetic responses in the lungs?

A
  • yes
  • if you take puffer which contains essentially adrenaline it will cause lungs to dilate
  • part of sympathetic response is to talk to adrenal glands which will secrete EP and NE which can reach receptors on target organs and talk to them to activate them (this is how they largely dilate in sympathetic response assuming your airway was constricted in first place– only in pathology where muscle starts to contract)
31
Q

Types of cholinergic receptors

A
  • nicotinic: found in sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, stimulation of these receptors leads to both parasympathetic and sympathetic effects (smoking cigarette- heart rate increases, wakes up cortex (sympathetic effects) smokers have smoke in morning helps digestion (parasympathetic))
  • muscarininc: found on all parasympathetic target organ, ACh binds to it, creates parasympathetic effects
32
Q

How is ACh terminated?

A
  • parasympathetic effects are quick
  • ACh broken down by acetylcholinesterase
33
Q

What happens to your pupils when you ingest anticholinesterase such as Sarin gas?

A
  • pupils constrict (miosis)
  • build up of ACh, keeps stimulating target tissue so you will get hyperstimulation
34
Q

Types of adrenergic receptors

A
  • alpha: generally stimualte contractions
  • beta: generally inhibit contractions (except in heart muscle-causes heart to beat more forcefully)
  • removal of NT is not as quick as ACh so these effects last longer
35
Q

Alpha receptor subtypes

A
  • alpha 1: contractions of smooth muscle, found mostly in blood vessels of viscera (except skeletal muscle and heart)
  • alpha 2: presynaptic receptors, promotes clotting
36
Q

Beta receptor subtypes

A
  • beta 1: increased rate and force of contraction
  • beta 2: relaxation of blood vessel surface in heart, uterus, bronchioles, almost all sympathetic target organs are relaxed
  • beta 3: inreases lipolysis
37
Q

What are beta blockers?

A
  • for tachycardia and hypertension
  • beta receptors are blocked which slows the rate and force of contraction of heart
  • specific beta 1 antagonists are better (slow heart rate and make heart more efficient)
  • do not want to block beta 2 so bronchioles are not constricted
38
Q

Describe beta 2 agonists for asthma

A
  • dilate bronchioles but speed up the heart because both beta 1 and 2 are stimulated
  • specific beta 2 agonists mostly just dilate bronchioles
  • ventolin
39
Q
A
40
Q
A
41
Q

What kind of nerves carry referred pain from visceral organ?

A
  • visceral afferents
  • sympathetic nerves that come into CNS at the level of the thoracic and lumbar spine
42
Q

Where are preganglionic parasympathetic fibres most commonly found?

A
  • vagus nerve and splanchnic nerve
  • S2-S4 levels also

Anatomy (27 decks)

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