1
Q
Phenotype
A
-an organism’s evident traits such as skin color or eye color
2
Q
Genotype
A
an organisms hereditary makeup
3
Q
An organisms genotype doesn’t always match up with their phenotype
T/F
A
True
4
Q
An organisms genotype does always match up with their phenotype
T/F
A
False
5
Q
Allele
A
Allele biological different forms of a given gene
6
Q
What causes organisms genotypes to not match with their phenotypes?
A
alleles cause organisms genotypes to not always match up with their phenotypes because of dominant and recessive genes
7
Q
How can an organism have a recessive trait
A
an organism can only have recessive traits if both alleles are recessive
8
Q
Example of phenotype not matching gene types
A
Example human blood type has 3 alleles and can have 6 genotypes because of the combination of genes but humans only have 4 phenotypes because of codominant alleles
9
Q
Why are there variations in humans?
A
Humans vary due to genetic adaptations and natural selection
10
Q
Adaptation
A
the process by which organisms cope with environmental stress
11
Q
Natural Selection
A
the process by which nature chooses the forms most fit to survive and reproduce
12
Q
What occurs across generations and what occurs along life time?
Genotypes vs phenotypical adaptation
A
Genetic adaptations occur across generations
Phenotypical adaptations occur in an individual’s life time
13
Q
Thomson’s nose rule
A
Average nose length increases in cold or arid areas
Begmann’s rule: larger bodies are found in colder areas and smaller ones are in warmer areas.
14
Q
A
15
Q
A
16
Q
A
17
Q
A
18
Q
A
19
Q
What is Allen’s rule?
A
Protruding body parts are bigger in warmer areas
This rule explains how body adaptations can vary with climate.
20
Q
Name an example of genetic adaptation.
A
- More breaths per minute
This adaptation can occur in response to environmental conditions.
21
Q
What is melanin?
A
A chemical substance manufactured in the outer layer of our skin to protect us from ultraviolet radiation
Melanin plays a crucial role in skin protection.
22
Q
What condition is caused by a lack of melanin?
A
Rickets
Rickets is a disease that affects bone development in children.
23
Q
What is the informal rank in the taxonomic hierarchy below subspecies called?
A
Race
The concept of race has evolved and is often debated in terms of its validity.
24
Q
How have classifications of race changed over time?
A
They became divided into more and more categories
This reflects the complexity of human genetic diversity.
25
What conclusion have modern humans reached regarding **race**?
We have not been separated long enough to be in discrete groups
## Footnote
This highlights the interconnectedness of human populations.
26
What major project mapped the loci of all **20,000 human genes**?
Human Genome Project
## Footnote
This project has significantly advanced our understanding of human genetics.
27
Is **race** a valid concept for describing humans?
No
## Footnote
It is difficult to have well-defined criteria for the entire population.
28
What does skin color reflect?
Biological adaptations, not shared genetic material
## Footnote
Skin color varies widely and does not neatly fit into racial categories.
29
What percentage of a human's genetic makeup do **physical traits** represent?
A small part
## Footnote
This indicates that genetics is complex and multifaceted.
30
What is **archaeology**?
Reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains
## Footnote
Archaeology provides insights into past societies.
31
What are the **three steps** in archaeological methods?
* Find where to dig
* Dig
* Process and analyze materials
## Footnote
These steps are essential for effective archaeological research.
32
What is used to find out where to dig in archaeology?
A broad regional perspective and remote sensing
## Footnote
Remote sensing can include photos and satellite imagery.
33
What is **excavation**?
Digging through the layer of deposits that make up archaeological sites
## Footnote
Excavation is crucial for uncovering artifacts.
34
What is the purpose of **grids** in excavation?
To show exact locations of artifacts
## Footnote
Grids help maintain organization during digs.
35
What technique is used for recovering small materials using water?
Flotation
## Footnote
This method allows small materials to float to the top for collection.
36
What are the two types of **dating methods** in archaeology?
* Relative dating
* Absolute dating
## Footnote
These methods help establish timelines for archaeological findings.
37
What does **stratigraphy** involve?
Establishing a time frame in relation to other geological layers
## Footnote
It helps in understanding the sequence of historical events.
38
What does **radiometric dating** measure?
Known rates of radioactive decay in elements found in or around fossils
## Footnote
This technique provides precise dating of materials.
39
What are **geoglyphs**?
Large designs formed by rocks
## Footnote
Geoglyphs are often found in desert regions.
40
What was the **Piltdown man hoax**?
Bones from two different human species were combined to make a new species that wasn't real
## Footnote
This hoax misled the scientific community for decades.
41
What can **fossil remains** tell us about?
Ancient forms of life
## Footnote
Fossils provide critical evidence for understanding evolution.
42
What affects **fossilization**?
Different body parts and chemical conditions
## Footnote
These factors influence how well fossils are preserved.
43
The Stone Age
A broad prehistoric period during which stone was used to make tools(lasted 3.4million years)
44
Borad spectrum Revolution
Foraging activities at the end of the ice age where more plants and animals were gathered and hunted
45
What caused the broad spectrum revolution?
Environmental change and population growth
46
What stone tools were made in the mesolithic period?
microlithic tools which were small and delicately shaped tools
47
Food production
humans control over the reproduction of plants and animals ( more than 50% of their diet was from food production in the Stone Age)
48
What caused production?
environmental changes, population growth and social and political needs
49
Plant cultivation and selection
200,000 plant species were domesticated because of their size, loss of natural seed and the brittle husks
50
Why weren't large animals domesticated?
Animal temperatures, animal societal structure and the issue of territory
51
Animal domestication and selection
animals tend to get smaller when domesticated and were selected for their desirable features
52
Old world food production
both farming and herding thrived, a mutually supported relationship between farmers and herders. (wheels were invented at this time)
53
New world food production
The first plants became domesticated and there was a absence of large animals
54
Neolithic tools
advanced techniques of grinding and polishing stone tools
55
Benefits of food production
security, discoveries and inventions, and social development
56
costs of food production
harder work, public health declines, social problems, and environmental degradation
57
Long distance theory
the organizational needs of trade stimulated bureaucratic growth and fostered state formation
58
A multivariate theory
a theory that involves multiple factors
-circumscription
-increasing population
-warfare
59
How do we evaluate these theories?
No one theory seems to fit all of the situations
60
Middle East
The first place supported by irrigated farming
61
Pottery
an achèvement in early states
62
Metallurgy
The knowledge of the properties of metals including their extraction process
63
Bronze Age
the alloys of tin and copper
64
Iron Age
high-temperature iron smelting
65
Writing systems
invented to keep accounts of trade in souther Mesopotamia
66
cuneiform
one of the earliest writing systems, which used wedge shaped marks on clay tablets
67
monumental architecture
the earliest states marked their territories through a built environment where complex structures were built for political reasons (example period
68
Why did most early societies collapse
disease, environmental deflation, famine, and internal and external conflicts
69
What is culture
culture is a term based on the ancient roman period which means cultivation of the soul
70
attributes of culture
culture is learned not genetically transmitted, culture is symbolic, culture is shared
71
enculturation
a process of conscious and unconscious learning and internalizing of a cultural tradition which guides a persons behavior
72
arbitrary
a symbol that has not natural connection to the thing they signify, culture is intgrated
73
conventional
followed by members of a society
74
Universal culture
exists in every culture
75
generality culture
exist in some but not all societies
76
particularity culture
culture trait that is confined to a single place social group or society
77
culture can be adaptive or maladaptive explain this
maladaptive culture is traits that in the long run may threaten humans well-beings and existence
78
culture as a community
culture is practiced and carried on by its people
79
Relationships between cultures and individuals
cultures shape peoples behaviors in a powerful way
80
cultural relativism
behavior should not be evualuated by the outside standards but in the context of culture
81
ethnocentrism
the tendency to view someone sown culture as superior and values in judging outsiders
82
why is it important to hold a cultural and relativistic
to achieve a more complete and objective understanding of another culture and to avoid hateful actions
83
Cultural Relativism
cultural relativism is an important research method for anthropologists but doesn't accept making morally wrong decisions
84
Human rights
inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because her or she is a human
85
cultural rights
rights vested in religious and ethnic minorities
86
The prevailing view
homo Sapiens came from Africa more than 100,000 years before reaching the rest of the earth
87
Fossils
Fossils help prove the origin of humans in Africa
88
eve theory
anyone who lives today shares DNA with a common ancestor
89
Multiregional evolutionary model
the gradual evolution of H Erectus took place in various parts of the world
90
oldowan pebble tools
made by H. Habilis or australopithecines
91
Acheulean
tool making traditions H. Erectus
92
Mousterian
a tool making tradition made by neanderthals
93
Blade tools
made by anatomically modern humans and were chipped off a prepared core and then were modified to produce a variety of tools
94
Impacts of tool development
Increased technological differential specialization and efficiency which led to adaption
95
Cultural anthropology
studies variation in the beliefs and behavior of members of different human groups
96
ethnographic field work
an extended period of time during which cultural anthropologists studies a community or culture by closely observing and involving local people
97
Ethnographer
the cultural anthologist during field work
98
ethnography
a research product based on research
99
How do you become a cultural anthropologists
Field work has become the rite of passage for cultural anthropologists
100
Participant Observation
study and record the details of daily life while taking part in community life
101
holistic view
helps understand the interconnections among social phenomena
102
a bottom up view
social process that complements the top-down view focused on by most of the media and scholars
103
emic perspective
seeing this from a perspective of the local people
103
etic perspective
evaluating the locals views using categories and interpretations of the anthropologists
104
Code of ethics
do no harm, be honest about your work, get consent, be respectful
Jeffrey
flashcards
Decks in class (18)
# Cards
-
Science U1 L546
-
SS U3 C5 S1&252
-
Science U3 L135
-
Science Tools23
-
SS U3 C5 S310
-
SS U3 C5 S46
-
Spanish Capitals22
-
Science U3 L218
-
Spanish-Los Pasatiempos40
-
Science U4L225
-
Science U4 L3 Mountain Building63
-
Science U4 L1&238
-
Science U 3 L118
-
Anth test 2105
-
Geography test 2106
-
Econ final7
-
anti final73
-
MACRO TEST 117
