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anti final Flashcards

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1
Q

What is generalized reciprocity?

A

Giving goods without expecting something in return

It reflects a form of altruism in social relationships.

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2
Q

What does modern economics assume about production?

A

Production is arranged to maximize profits according to the principles of rationality and efficiency

This perspective focuses on profit maximization in economic activities.

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3
Q

What is meant by holistic in economic studies?

A

Seeks the interrelations between an economic phenomenon and other social, historical, and natural factors

This approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of various influences on economies.

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4
Q

Define comparative in the context of economics.

A

The study of different types of economies across time and space

It allows for understanding economic variations and developments.

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5
Q

What is relative caution in applying economic models?

A

Be cautious when applying universal economic models to a specific society

This acknowledges the uniqueness of each society’s economic context.

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6
Q

Who developed the concept of relative in economics?

A

Yehudi Cohen

His work emphasizes the importance of context in economic analysis.

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7
Q

What is the key feature of forging economies?

A

Hunter-gathering

This lifestyle is characterized by subsistence through foraging.

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8
Q

True or false: Modern foragers are pristine survivors of the Stone Age.

A

FALSE

Modern foragers have been influenced by outside forces.

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9
Q

What is horticulture?

A

Plant cultivation that makes no intensive use of land, labor, capital, or machinery

Techniques include slash-and-burn and shifting cultivation.

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10
Q

What are the negative environmental impacts of agriculture?

A
  • Irrigation and wastes
  • Deforestation
  • Reduction of ecological diversity

These practices can lead to significant ecological harm.

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11
Q

Define pastoralism.

A

The raising of livestock

It typically occurs in semi-arid and mountainous areas.

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12
Q

What is pastoral nomadism?

A

Members follow the herd throughout the year

This lifestyle is closely tied to the movement of livestock.

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13
Q

What is balanced reciprocity?

A

An expectation for something in return so both parties are better off

Gifts are exchanged over time to maintain social bonds.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of gifts in social relationships?

A

Show kind gestures for people you care for

Gifts create social bonds and involve continuous sequences of giving.

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15
Q

What is the kila exchange?

A

A system of trade in Melanesia where men from 18 communities travel to exchange gifts

This exchange establishes political connections among communities.

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16
Q

What is negative reciprocity?

A

Taking advantage of the expectation of reciprocity

It involves deceit and getting something for as little as possible.

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17
Q

Define redistribution in economic terms.

A

When a third party or a central authority is involved in an exchange

Goods are collected, pooled, and then redistributed as public goods.

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18
Q

What is fordism?

A

An example of an industrial society where products became available to more of the society

It emphasizes mass production and consumption.

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19
Q

What is alienation in the context of fordism?

A
  • Workers have impersonal relationships with their products
  • Workers don’t control economic resources
  • Impersonal relationships with coworkers and employers

This reflects social problems arising from industrial labor.

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20
Q

What changes occurred in developed countries after the 1950s?

A

Shift from manufacturing goods to working in service and information sectors

This marks the transition to a post-industrial economy.

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21
Q

What are the problems with redistribution?

A
  • Who pays?
  • Who gets what?
  • How much?

These questions highlight the complexities of resource distribution.

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22
Q

What is market exchange?

A

Exchange by means of buying and selling using money

It is a fundamental aspect of modern economies.

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of market exchange?

A
  • Money serves as a generalized medium of exchange
  • Items must be portable, limited in supply, and useful
  • Price is determined by supply and demand
  • Bargaining occurs between buyers and sellers
  • Private property is prevalent

These features define how market economies operate.

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24
Q

What is Elman Service’s typology?

A
  • Band
  • Tribe
  • Chiefdom
  • State

This classification helps understand different political organizations.

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25
Define a **band** in political organization.
A small community related by blood or marriage, primarily foragers ## Footnote Bands are egalitarian societies with informal leadership.
26
What is a **tribe**?
A form of political organization encompassing a number of villages, economically self-sufficient ## Footnote Tribes are united by common interests and have well-defined leadership.
27
What are the types of **tribal leaderships**?
* Village head * Big man * Pan-tribal associations ## Footnote These leadership forms vary in authority and influence.
28
What is a **chiefdom**?
A hierarchical political organization in non-industrial societies with formal leadership ## Footnote Chiefdoms consist of several economically independent villages.
29
What defines a **state**?
A politically organized unit with a large population and defined territory ## Footnote States have formal governments and are the dominant political organization.
30
What are the three things that make **states** powerful and effective?
* Specialized subsystems * Multiethnic populations * Bureaucracy managing large amounts of land ## Footnote These characteristics enhance state governance.
31
What is **kinship**?
A web of social relationships formed among individuals who are related or have related interests ## Footnote Kinship is crucial for social organization and support.
32
What is a **nuclear family**?
A family with a married couple and unmarried children living in the same house ## Footnote This family type allows for social mobility.
33
What is an **extended family**?
A family that consists of a group of nuclear families ## Footnote Extended families often form for economic strategies.
34
What is a **matrifocal family**?
A family with only the mother and her children ## Footnote This differs from a single-parent family as the father may still be present but absent.
35
What is **unilineal descent**?
Traces genealogical links through only one sex ## Footnote This can be either patrilineal or matrilineal.
36
What is **patrilineal descent**?
Tracing groups through fathers ## Footnote This system emphasizes male lineage.
37
What is **matrilineal descent**?
Tracing links through mothers ## Footnote An example is the Navajo people.
38
What is **clan** in kinship?
A unilineal group whose members may not always trace how they are related but believe themselves to be kinfolk ## Footnote This reflects stipulated descent.
39
What is **exogamy**?
The practice of seeking a spouse outside one's own kin group ## Footnote This promotes alliances between different groups.
40
What is **endogamy**?
Marriage of people from the same social group ## Footnote This maintains social cohesion within groups.
41
What is **gender stratification**?
Unequal distribution of social resources between men and women ## Footnote This reflects societal inequalities based on gender.
42
What is the **domestic-public dichotomy**?
Contrast between work at home and more valued work outside the home ## Footnote This distinction often leads to gender inequalities.
43
What is the **Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis**?
The idea that language profoundly shapes the perception and world views of the speaker ## Footnote It suggests that language influences thought processes.
44
What is **displacement** in language?
People can discuss things, people, and events that are not immediately visible ## Footnote This property allows for complex communication.
45
What is a **pidgin**?
A grammatically simplified speech used for communication between people with different languages ## Footnote It serves as a practical tool for interaction.
46
What is a **creole**?
A stable language developed from pidgins ## Footnote An example is Gullah, spoken by African Americans in coastal regions.
47
What is **historical linguistics**?
The study of the long-term change of language ## Footnote It examines how languages evolve over time.
48
What are **daughter languages**?
Languages sharing a common parent language ## Footnote They evolve from a proto-language.
49
What is a **proto-language**?
Language ancestral to several daughter languages ## Footnote It represents the common origin of related languages.
50
What is the **universal grammar**?
The human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language ## Footnote This suggests a common structural basis for all languages.
51
What is **semantic domain**?
Set of words that belong to a specific class and develop around things important to the group ## Footnote It reflects cultural significance in language.
52
What is **diglossia**?
The existence of a formal dialect and an informal dialect ## Footnote This phenomenon occurs in many languages.
53
What is the significance of **souls** in early human belief?
Early humans believed that two entities inhabit the body, one during the day and one at night ## Footnote This reflects early spiritual and religious concepts.
54
What is a **Creole**?
A stable language developed from pidgins ## Footnote Example: Gullah is spoken by African Americans in the coastal islands in SC and Georgia.
55
Define **Pidgin**.
A tool for communication, task-oriented, not a standard language with rudimentary grammar ## Footnote Pidgins arise in situations where speakers of different languages need to communicate.
56
How many languages are estimated to exist today?
About 7,000 languages ## Footnote This is only half the number that existed 500 years ago.
57
What is predicted to happen to **Helg** in this decade?
They are predicted to disappear ## Footnote Helg refers to certain languages or dialects at risk of extinction.
58
What is **Animism**?
The belief in souls ## Footnote Animism posits that everything has a spirit or soul.
59
Define **Mana**.
A sacred impersonal force existing in the universe in Melanesia and Polynesia ## Footnote Mana is often associated with spiritual power.
60
What do the **yin and yang** represent?
Two contrary and mutually complementary forces ## Footnote This concept is expressed in ancient Chinese philosophy.
61
What are **Deities**?
The perfect and all-powerful spirit worshipped as the creator and ruler of the universe ## Footnote Deities are central figures in many religions.
62
What are the common spiritual beings included in most religions?
* Souls * Gods * Demons * Charms * Talismans ## Footnote These elements contribute to the spiritual framework of various belief systems.
63
True or false: **Magic** is a mode of rationality that looks to invisible forces to influence events.
TRUE ## Footnote Magic aims to effect change in material conditions or present the illusion of change.
64
What are the **similarities between magic and religion**?
* Both regard supernatural beings and power * Practitioners perform rituals * Fulfill social and psychological functions ## Footnote Both systems often overlap in practice and belief.
65
Define **Magic**.
Supernatural practices and techniques intended to accomplish specific aims ## Footnote Magic often involves rituals and spells.
66
Define **Religion**.
A conciliatory view toward the supernatural involving prayer and supplication to a higher power ## Footnote Religion often provides a framework for understanding existence.
67
What are the **effects of rituals**?
* Practice a belief * Build a community * Reinforce social values ## Footnote Rituals can strengthen social bonds and cultural identity.
68
What are **rites of passage**?
Rituals that mark the transition from one place, status, or stage to another ## Footnote Rites of passage can be individual or collective.
69
What are the **three phases of a rite of passage**?
* Separation * Liminality * Incorporation ## Footnote These phases represent the transition process in rites of passage.
70
What are the classifications of religions based on the number of supernatural beings?
* Animism: everything has a soul * Polytheism: belief in multiple deities * Monotheism: belief in a single all-power deity * Science: a new belief system ## Footnote These classifications help categorize different religious beliefs.
71
What roles does religion play in people's lives?
* Explaining things and providing reasons * Reducing anxiety and uncertainty * Creating community * Installing values and exerting social control ## Footnote Religion often intertwines with politics and economy.
72
What are the types of religious rituals based on organization?
* Individual: special relationship with a supernatural power * Shamanistic: shamans as organizers * Communal: no religious specialists * Ecclesiastical: a full-time priesthood ## Footnote These types reflect different ways communities engage with the sacred.
73
What is **religious pluralism**?
Followers of many different religions within a society ## Footnote Religious pluralism acknowledges the coexistence of diverse belief systems.
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