Pharm > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

bactericidal

A

directly lethal to bacteria, causes cell death

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2
Q

bacteriostatic

A

slows bacterial growth but does not cause cell death

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3
Q

selective toxicity

A

ability of a drug to injure a target cell without injuring other cells/organisms

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4
Q

time dependent killing

A

concentration must remain above the minimum effective concentration for a prolonged period

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5
Q

concentration dependent killing

A

effect is solely dependent upon reaching a concentration above the MEC

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6
Q

drug resistance

A

insensitivity/decreased sensitivity to a medication
inherent
acquired

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7
Q

superinfection

A

secondary infection usually caused by depletion of natural flora

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8
Q

opportunistic infection

A

-infection by a microorganism that normally does not cause disease
-becomes pathogenic when the body’s immune system is impaired and unable to fight off infection

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9
Q

what common infections do we use antibiotics for?

A

-UTI
-URTI
-bronchitis
-pharyngitis
-sinusistis
-otitis media

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10
Q

what prevention measures do we use antibiotics for?

A

-surgery
-bacterial endocarditis
-neutropenia

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11
Q

common errors in practice with antibiotics

A

overzealous use
inappropriate duration
lack of indication
poorly selected agent
incorrect dose

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12
Q

general principles for client teaching

A

-complete prescribed course
-notify of possible reactions
-minimize alcohol, sun exposure if indicated
-take with food/milk if indicated
-time of day (dosing)
-drug/food interactions
-prevent transmission of infection

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13
Q

penicillin VK therapeutic use

A

basic type
narrow spectrum
dental/oral infections

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14
Q

penicillin VK pharm action

A

bactericidal
-targets penicillin binding proteins
-inhibits bacterial wall synthesis
-inhibits transpeptidase
-activates autolysins

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15
Q

penicillin VK admin

A

PO, IM, IV

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16
Q

penicillin VK SE

A

PO: can cause GI upset, take w/ food
IM: faster, lasts longer, painful
IV: fastest

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17
Q

penicillin VK contra

A

allergic rxn
-must have had prior exposure
-rash (most common)
-anaphylaxis
-cross sensitivity to cephalosporins 1-3%

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18
Q

penicillin VK interactions

A

warfarin

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19
Q

penicillin VK interventions

A

-evaluate for history of allergic rxn
-observe for 30 mins

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20
Q

penicillin VK education

A

take w/ food
wear medical alert bracelet

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21
Q

amoxicillin/clavulanic acid use

A

resistance to penicillin VK
inner ear infections
pneumonia

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22
Q

amoxicillin/clavulanic acid pharm action

A

bactericidal
-targets penicillin binding proteins
-inhibits bacterial wall synthesis
-inhibits transpeptidase
-activates autolysins

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23
Q

amoxicillin/clavulanic acid contra

A

allergic rxns
-must have had prior exposure
-rash (most common)
-anaphylaxis
-cross sensitivity to cephalosporins 1-3%

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24
Q

amoxicillin/clavulanic acid interactions

A

warfarin

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25
amoxicillin/clavulanic acid interventions
-evaluate for history of allergic rxn -observe for 30 mins
26
amoxicillin/clavulanic acid education
take w/ food wear medical alert bracelet
27
cephalexin type
cephalosporin
28
cephalexin use
GI infections UTI dermal infections
29
cephalexin pharm action
disrupts cell wall synthesis activates autolysis
30
cephalexin SE
hypersensitivity -maculopapular drug rash -PCN allergy 1-3% cross-reactivity **thrombophlebitis** C. diff
31
cephalexin admin
PO IV (not cephalexin but others within the class)
32
cephalexin prec/contra
prec: PCN allergy contra: previous anaphylaxis to PCN or cephalosporins
33
cephalexin interactions
anticoagulants antiplatelets
34
cephalexin interventions
monitor for SE
35
cephalexin education
take w/ food report unusual bleeding or bruising
36
vancomycin use
MRSA C. diff
37
vancomycin pharm action
bactericidal -binds precursors for cell wall biosynthesis -inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
38
vancomycin SE
-ototoxicity (stop infusion) -Red Man Syndrome/Exfoliative dermatitis -thrombophlebitis -thrombocytopenia -superinfections
39
vancomycin admin
IV - MRSA PO - C. diff
40
vancomycin prec/contra
prec: renal insufficiency, impaired hearing (ototoxic) contra: known allergy
41
vancomycin interventions
-admin slowly -integ exam -monitor labs (Cr, vancomycin peak/troughs) -monitor IV site
42
vancomycin interactions
-other ototoxic/nephrotoxic drugs -dedicated tubing for IV
43
vancomycin education
report: flushing, tinnitus, pain/swelling at IV site increase fluids -> renal issues
44
metronidazole use
c. diff antiprotozoal antiulcer agent
45
metronidazole pharm action
bactericidal -converted into active form within the anaerobic cell -inhibition of protein synthesis amebiasis trichomoniasis (parasites) bacterial vaginosis h. pylori
46
metronidazole SE
N/V darkening of urine (harmless) anorexia xerostomia
47
metronidazole admin
IV PO topical cream vaginal gel
48
metronidazole prec
prec: -seizure disorder -renal and/or liver failure -chronic ETOH -> extreme N/V
49
metronidazole interactions
disulfiram reaction lithium
50
metronidazole interventions
monitor GI symptoms give on an empty stomach
51
metronidazole education
avoid alcohol while taking & 2 days after may turn urine dark take on an empty stomach dry mouth
52
doxycycline use
MRSA tic born illnesses anthrax acne
52
doxycycline type
tetracyclines
53
doxycycline pharm action
bacteriostatic -binding to 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits -inhibit protein synthesis
54
doxycycline SE
**erosive esophagus** N/V/D rash **photosensitivity**
55
doxycycline admin
PO, IV, topical
56
doxycycline prec/contra
prec: history of esophagitis contra: 1st trimester, children < 8, allergy, liver/kidney
57
doxycycline interactions
antacids dairy products oral contraceptives
58
doxycycline interventions
negative urine pregnancy give on empty stomach C. diff monitor: -kidney function -liver function -integ. system
59
doxycycline education
avoid dairy (in other tetracyclines) admin times
60
azithromycin type
macrolides
61
azithromycin use
respiratory tract skin infections gonorrhea
62
azithromycin pharm action
bactericidal -binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit -blocks addition of new amino acids to peptide chain
63
azithromycin SE
N/V (erythromycin) QT interval prolongation
64
azithromycin admin
PO IV ophthalmic (erythromycin; pink eye)
65
azithromycin prec/contra
prec: -liver disorders -GI disorders contra: **-QT history - hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia** -previous allergic rxn
66
azithromycin interactions
digoxin warfarin
67
azithromycin interventions
monitor: GI symptoms EKG LFT superinfection
68
azithromycin education
-take w/ food -report palpitations or syncope -report bloody or watery diarrhea -report vaginal discharge -report white patchy tongue/mouth
69
gentamicin type
aminoglycoside
70
gentamicin use
MRSA significant gram neg. infections
71
gentamicin pharm action
bactericidal -inhibition of protein synthesis -premature termination of protein synthesis
72
gentamicin SE
**-ototoxicity** **-nephrotoxicity** -vertigo -ataxia -rash
73
gentamicin admin
IV IM topical ophthalmic
74
gentamicin prec/contra
prec: dehydration contra: previous allergic rxn, renal failure
75
gentamicin interactions
-ototoxic drugs -nephrotoxic drugs
76
gentamicin interventions
-monitor renal function -evaluate serum labs (peak, trough)
77
gentamicin education
-do not skip/double doses -avoid NSAIDs (increases nephrotoxicity) -report tinnitus or hearing loss -increase in dilute urinary output (renal failure)
78
levofloxacin type
fluoroquinolones
79
levofloxacin use
pneumonia UTI soft tissue infection
80
levofloxacin pharm action
bactericidal -inhibits DNA gyrase -inhibits relaxation of double helix and promotes breakage of DNA -inhibiting DNA replication and cell division
81
levofloxacin SE
**-tendon rupture** -> disrupts extracellular matrix of cartilage **-QT prolongation** -N/V/D **-photosensitivity** **-candida infection**
82
levofloxacin admin
IV PO ophthalmic otic
83
levofloxacin prec/contra
prec: -renal impairment, warfarin therapy, under 18 (tendon/muscles underdeveloped), pregnancy contra: -tendon or muscle pain, previous allergic rxn
84
levofloxacin interactions
antacids carafate (sucralfate) warfarin antidiabetic meds
85
levofloxacin interventions
monitor for: -muscle/tendon pain -cover skin -GI symptoms
86
levofloxacin education
**-report tendon/muscle pain immediately** -cover skin when outside -report GI symptoms (C. diff)
87
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole use
**MRSA** UTI (not really used anymore) OM (acute ear infections) bronchitis pneumocystis pneumonia
88
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole pharm action
bacteriostatic -trimethoprim: suppresses synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid -sulfamethoxazole: disrupts the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid
89
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole SE
-hematologic effects: thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia -SJS -renal failure -rash -c. diff
90
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole admin
PO, IV, IM
91
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole prec/contra
prec: liver failure contra: **infants/pregnant/lactating** - kernicterus (billirubin build up in infant brain)
92
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole interactions
oral contraceptives
93
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole interventions
give w/ water (1200 mL per day) can be w or w/o food monitor bloodwork monitor for bloody or water diarrhea integ. exam
94
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole education
take w/ plenty of water back up contraceptive report: -abnormal bruising -rash -vaginal discharge -tongue or mouth pain
95
nitrofurantoin type
urinary tract antiseptic
96
nitrofurantoin use
**UTI** (acute/chronic/prophylaxis)
97
nitrofurantoin pharm action
bacteriostatic in low concentration bactericidal in high concentrations damages DNA and ribosomal proteins
98
nitrofurantoin SE
-GI upset -> take w/ meals -hemolytic rxns -> anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia -peripheral neuropathy -orange/brown urine color (expected side effect)
99
nitrofurantoin admin
PO
100
nitrofurantoin prec/contra
prec: renal & liver impairment contra: < 1 y.o., after 38 weeks gestation, previous allergic rxn
101
nitrofurantoin interaction
antacids
102
nitrofurantoin interventions
monitor GI symptoms monitor bloodwork do not crush **monitor I & O and bowel function** - think renal failure
103
nitrofurantoin education
take w/ food report any abnormal bruising swallow capsule whole - could stain teeth
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