antimicrobial

Question 1

a chemical substance produced by microorganisms with the capacity to inhibit or kill other microorganisms

Answer 1

Antibiotics

Question 2

they can be synthesized via chemical procedures, that are independent of microbial activity

Answer 2

Antibiotics

Question 3

effective against a limited number of pathogens

Answer 3

naarow-spectrum

Question 4

what are the antibiotic examples under Narrow spectrum

Answer 4

bacitracin, clindamycin, dapsone,
erythromycin, gentamicin, isoniazid,
penicillin, polymyxin b, and vancomycin

Question 5

destroys different kinds of organisms

Answer 5

Broad spectrum

Question 6

what are the antibiotic examples under Broad spectrum

Answer 6

ampicillin, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol,
ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, sulfonamides,
trimethoprim, tetracycline

Question 7

your antibiotic can be classified as:

Answer 7

Narrow spectrum
Broad spectrum

Question 8

classification of antibacterial drugs:

Answer 8

Natural drugs
semi-synthetic drugs
synthetic drugs

Question 9

type of antibacterial drug that is produced by bacteria or fungi

Answer 9

Natural drug

Question 10

modified natural drugs with added chemical groups

Answer 10

semi-synthetic drugs

Question 11

antibacterial drugs that are under the semi-synthetic drugs

Answer 11

ampicillin, carbenicillin,
methicillin

Question 12

a type of antibacterial drug that is chemically produced drugs

Answer 12

synthetic drugs

Question 13

antibacterial drugs that are under synthetic drugs

Answer 13

sulfonamides, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol,
ciprofloxacin, isoniazid, dapsone

Question 14

a natural drug that produce a bactiracin antibiotic

Answer 14

bacillus subtilis

Question 15

natural drug that produce a polymyxin antibiotic

Answer 15

Bacillus polymyxa

Question 16

Cephalosporium produces what kind of antibiotic

Answer 16

Cephalosporin

Question 17

what is the source (microorganism) that produces gentamicin

Answer 17

Micromonospora purpurea

Question 18

what is the source of erythromycin

Answer 18

streptomyces erythraeus

Question 19

what is the source of Neomycin

Answer 19

streptomyces fradiae

Question 20

what antibiotic does streptomyces nodosus produces

Answer 20

amphotericin B

Question 21

what antibiotic does streptomyces noursei produces

Answer 21

nystatin

Question 22

what is the source of chloramphenicol

Answer 22

streptomyces venezuelae

Question 23

classification on action are:

Answer 23

Bacteriostatic agents
Bactericidal agents

Question 24

agents that inhibit bacterial growth; but generally, they do not kill the microorganisms

Answer 24

Bacteriostatic agents

Question 25

these are examples of your bacteriostatic agents

Answer 25

chloramphenicol, dapsone, erythromycin, clindamycin, isoniazid, sulfonamides, and tetracycline

Question 26

agents that usually kill or destroy organisms; use for life-threatening infections

Answer 26

bactericidal agents

Question 27

examples of your bactericidal agents

Answer 27

aminoglycosides—gentamicin, amikacin, and streptomycin; beta-lactams, glycopeptides, isoniazid, rifampicin, quinolones, bacitracin, and metronidazole

Question 28

the antimicrobial agents must be in an _____

Answer 28

active form

Question 29

the antibiotic must be able to ____ at the site of infection that is ________ to be considered active

Answer 29

achieve sufficient concentration, higher than MIC( minimum inhibitory concentration)

Question 30

the antimicrobials must have______

Answer 30

selective toxicity

Question 31

this are the most selective antibiotics with high therapeutic index

Answer 31

Cell-wall inhibitor

Question 32

these drugs are effective against Gram-positive bacteria

Answer 32

Cell-wall inhibitors

Question 33

examples of cell wall inhibitors

Answer 33

Bacitracin, B-lactams, carbenicillin

Question 34

the core of the anti-bacterial property

Answer 34

Beta-lactam ring

Question 35

Beta-lactam ring bind to the _____ involved in the cell wall cross-linking, inhibiting ______ and ______

Answer 35

penicillin-binding proteins, transpeptidation, cell wall synthesis

Question 36

types of beta-lactams

Answer 36

penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams

Question 37

bind to the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala of the pentapeptide-glycosyl peptidoglycan intermediates

Answer 37

Glycopeptides

Question 38

blocks the transpeptidation step by preventing the incorporation of the intermediates into the peptidoglycan chain

Answer 38

Glycopeptides

Question 39

glycopeptides bind to the _____ of the _______

Answer 39

substrate, transpeptidation enzyme

Question 40

the clinical spectrum is limited to

Answer 40

gram-positive microorganisms

Question 41

these antibiotics bind to the 30s subunit resulting in the misreading of mRNA and thus interfering with aminoacyl-tRNA binding

Answer 41

Protein-synthesis inhibitors

Question 42

protein-synthesis inhibitors bind with the ______ resulting in the inhibition of ____________ and ___________

Answer 42

50S, peptidyl-transferase, peptide chain elongation

Question 43

These drugs target the _______ and _____ Gram-positive and Gram-negative species

Answer 43

aerobic, anaerobic

Question 44

inhibitor drugs that bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit

Answer 44

aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and spectinomycin

Question 45

inhibitor drugs that bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit

Answer 45

chloramphenicol, erythromycin, lincomycin, clindamycin, and streptogramins

Question 46

inhibitor that blocks the initial step in protein synthesis

Answer 46

linezolid

Question 47

the primary antimicrobial agents that target DNA metabolism are the _______ and _________

Answer 47

fluoroquinolones, metronidazole

Question 48

fluoroquinolones and metronidazole are an example of what

Answer 48

nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

Question 49

derivatives of _______; interfere with DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and are highly effective for _______ like ________:

Answer 49

nalidixic acid, enteric bacteria, E. coli

Question 50

disrupts DNA and is effective against anaerobic bacteria

Answer 50

Metronidazole

Question 51

its action is related to the presence of __________ in the chemical structure

Answer 51

a nitro group

Question 52

the nitro group is _____ by a __________ in the ____________

Answer 52

reduced, nitroreductase, bacterial cytoplasm

Question 53

inhibits RNA polymerase; inhibits RNA synthesis

Answer 53

Rifampicin

Question 54

does not effectively penetrate the outer member membrane of the most gram-negative bacteria

Answer 54

rifampicin

Question 55

the folic acid pathway is mediated by two key enzymes, _________ and _________, which mediate the formation of _______________ from dihydrofolate

Answer 55

dihydropteroate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase, tetrahydrofolate (THF)

Question 56

competitively inhibits the binding of the structural analog aminobenzoic acid with dihydropteroate synthase

Answer 56

Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)

Question 57

prevents the dihydrofolate reductase-mediated recycling of folate coenzymes, blocks the formation of THF

Answer 57

trimethoprim

Question 58

are synthetic drugs that don't exist in nature

Answer 58

sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim

Question 59

cord factor is found in the cell wall if TMP

Answer 59

isoniazid-cord factor inhibitor