histo chapt 2: cytoplasm

Question 1

the first zygotic cellular divisions produce cells called

Answer 1

blastomeres

Question 2

explanted to tissue culture cells of the cell mass are called

Answer 2

embryonic stem cells

Question 3

they predominantly express sets of genes that mediate specific cytoplasmic activities

Answer 3

differentiation

Question 4

all animals contain ____ ____ and _____, but most ______ _____ are specialized for using these proteins to convert chemical energy into forceful contractions

Answer 4

actin filaments, myosins, muscle cells

Question 5

envelops every eukaryotic cells consists of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins, with oligosaccharide chain

Answer 5

plasma membrane

Question 6

functions as a selective barrier

Answer 6

plasma membrane

Question 7

are amphipathix, consisting of two nonpolar long chain fatty acids linked to a charged polar head that bears a phosphate group.

Answer 7

membrane phospholipids

Question 8

the site where materials are exchanged between the cell and its environment.

Answer 8

plasma membrane

Question 9

transports small, nonpolar molecules directly through the lipid bilayer

Answer 9

diffusion

Question 10

multipass proteins forming transmembrane pores through which ion or small molecules pass selectively.

Answer 10

channels

Question 11

water molecules usually cross the plasm membrane through channel proteins

Answer 11

aquaporins

Question 12

transmembrane proteins that bind small molecules and translocate the across the membrane via conformational changes

Answer 12

carriers

Question 13

normally enter cells by being enclosed within folds of plasma membrane

Answer 13

macromolecules

Question 14

three major types of endocytosis

Answer 14

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 15

molecules interact like the struts of geodesic dome

Answer 15

clathrin

Question 16

a dynamic collection on the peripheral cytoplasm of membranous tubules and vacuoles

Answer 16

endosomal compartment

Question 17

small GTPases that bind guanin nucleotides and associated proteins

Answer 17

Rab proteins

Question 18

movement of large molecules from inside to outside the cell usually involves vesicular transport on the process of _______

Answer 18

exocytosis

Question 19

is used for products that are released from cells continuously

Answer 19

constitutive secretions

Question 20

occurs in response to signals coming from the cells

Answer 20

regulated secretion

Question 21

process of membrane movement and recycling is called

Answer 21

membrane traffiking

Question 22

the signal molecules are carried in the blood from their sources to target cells throughout the body.

Answer 22

endocrine signaling

Question 23

the chemical ligan diffuses in extracellular fluid but rapidly metabolized so that its effect is only local on target cells near its source

Answer 23

paracrine signaling

Question 24

a special kind of paracrine interaction, neurotransmitters act on adjacent cell through special contact are called ______

Answer 24

synaptic signaling, synapses

Question 25

signal bind receptors on the same cells that produce the messenger molecule

Answer 25

autocrine signaling

Question 26

bind surface receptors of the target cell when two cells make direct physical contact

Answer 26

juxtacrine signaling

Question 27

three important functional classes of such receptors

Answer 27

Channel-linked receptors enzymatic receptors G-protein-coupled receptors

Question 28

bind guanine nucleotide GTP, and are release to activate other cytoplasmic proteins

Answer 28

G-protein-coupled-receptors

Question 29

open associated channels upon ligand binding to promote transfer of molecules or ions across the membrane

Answer 29

Channel-linked receptors

Question 30

ligand binding catalytic activity on associated peripheral proteins

Answer 30

enzymatic receptors

Question 31

in a cell membrane can be considered first messengers

Answer 31

ligands binding

Question 32

assemble polypeptides from amino acids on molecules of transfer RNA

Answer 32

Ribosomes

Question 33

the cytoplasm of most cells contain a convoluted membranous network

Answer 33

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 34

a major site for vital cellular activities

Answer 34

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 35

prominent in cells specialized for protein secretion

Answer 35

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 36

inhibits further polypeptide elongation

Answer 36

signal-recognition particle

Question 37

has a highly regulated system to precent nonfunctional proteins being forwarded to the pathway for secretion or the other organelles.

Answer 37

RER

Question 38

regions of ____ lack bound polyribosomes

Answer 38

SER

Question 39

not basophilic and is best seen with the TEM

Answer 39

SER

Question 40

allows detoxification of potentially harmful exogenous molecules

Answer 40

Cytochrome P450

Question 41

modifies, packages, and sorts materials that arrive from the ER in transport vehicle

Answer 41

Golgi apparatus

Question 42

transport cellular material

Answer 42

vesicles

Question 43

digest microbes or materials

Answer 43

lysosomes

Question 44

detoxify specific harmful substances either produced by the cell or taken into the cell

Answer 44

peroxisomes

Question 45

synthesize most ATP during aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 45

mitochondria

Question 46

engage in protein synthesis

Answer 46

ribosomes

Question 47

maintains intracellular structural support and organization of cells

Answer 47

cytoskeleton

Question 48

maintain cell shape, support microvilli

Answer 48

microfilaments

Question 49

provide structural support; stabilize junctions between cells

Answer 49

intermediate filaments

Question 50

maintain cell shape and rigidity; organize and move organelles

Answer 50

microtubules

Question 51

organize microtubules; participates in mitotic spindle formation during cell division

Answer 51

centrosome

Question 52

degrade and digest damaged or unneeded proteins; unsure quality of exported proteins

Answer 52

proteasomes

Question 53

serves as temporary storage for these molecules

Answer 53

inclusions

Question 54

the command center of the cell

Answer 54

nucleus

Question 55

forms a selectively permeable barrier between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments

Answer 55

nuclear envelop

Question 56

closely associated with the inner nuclear membrane is a highly organized meshwork of proteins

Answer 56

nuclear lamina

Question 57

bind to membrane proteins and associate with chromatin in nondividing cells

Answer 57

lamins

Question 58

display eightfold symmetry around a lumen

Answer 58

nucleo porins

Question 59

consists of DNA and all of the associated proteins involved in the organization and function of DNA

Answer 59

chromatin

Question 60

DNA associating with sets of small basic proteins called

Answer 60

histones

Question 61

the structural unit of DNA and histones is called the

Answer 61

nucleosome

Question 62

visible as finely dispersed granular material in the electron microscope and as lightly stained basophilic areas in the microscope

Answer 62

Euchromatin

Question 63

appears as coarse, electron-dense material in the electron microscope and as intensely basophilic clumps in the light microscope``

Answer 63

Heterchromatin