Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO136 > Antimicrobial Agents > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Agents Flashcards

1
Q

is a substance that either kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans.

A

Antimicrobials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

History
The history of antimicrobials begins with the observations of ___ and ___, who discovered that one type of bacteria could prevent the growth of another.

A

Pasteur and Joubert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Antimicrobial use is known to have been common practice for at least 2000 years.
Ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks used specific molds and plant extracts to treat infection
The first known use of antibiotics was by the ancient Chinese over 2,500 years ago.
Chinese have discovered the therapeutic properties of moldy soybeans and used this substance to cure furuncles (pimples), carbuncles( boils), and similar infections.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

coined the term chemotherapy

A

Ehrlich (1854-1915)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

1929 Penicillin discovered by ___

A

Alexander Fleming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Alexander Fleming was the first to characterize penicillin’s activity. He found mold
contaminating his culture plates, with the clearing of staphylococcal colonies all around the mold. Fleming then isolated penicillin from the mold.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

suggested that the usage of Quinine to cure malaria

A

Romanovsky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

studied selective toxicity in the early 1900s

A

Paul Ehrlich

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

____ and ___ developed Salvarsan( Arsphenamine) against syphilis in 1910.

A

Paul Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

They created the concept of chemotherapy to treat microbial diseases

A

Paul Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sulfa drugs: discovered by ___ in the 1930s

A

Gerhard Domagk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Inhibit the growth of bacteria, ___ is the simplest

A

sulfanilamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

___ is a growth analog effective only against Mycobacterium

A

Isoniazid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gerhard Domagk found that a chemical named ___ was effective in treating experimental infections in vivo “within the living”

A

Prontosil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

1929: ___ discovered penicillin

A

Fleming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

1940: ___ and ___ performed the first clinical trials of penicillin

A

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

1942: ___, ___, and ___ utilized Fleming’s work to purify and extract penicillin for medicinal uses earning them the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine.

A

Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, and Edward Abraham

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

____, the first of the AMINOGLYCOSIDE antimicrobials was discovered by Selman Waksman in 1944 and the father of Antibiotic

A

STREPTOMYCIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

___ was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for developing 22 antibiotics—most notably Streptomycin

A

Selman Waksman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the year chloramphenicol, neomycin, and tetracycline were discovered.

A

1953

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the father of the Antibiotic

A

Selman Waksman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The first hospital use of a drug that we would name an antibiotic today was the so-called ___

A

Pyocyanase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pyocyanase prepared by ___ and ___

A

Rudolph Emmerich and Löw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pyocyanase prepared by Rudolph Emmerich and Löw (1899) from ___

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The antibiotic era began with the pneumatic application of ___ drugs, followed by a “golden” period of discovery from about 1945 to 1970

A

nitroglycerine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The term ‘___’, meaning “against life,”

A

antibiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The term ‘antibiosis’, meaning “against life,” was introduced by the French bacteriologist ___ as a descriptive name for the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs.

A

Vuillemin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q
  • use of drugs to treat disease directly against
A

Chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

synthetic chemicals or any defined chemical (drug) used to treat disease caused by an invading organism, e.g., bacteria, virus, protozoan, or metazoan.

A

Chemotherapeutic agent-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

-a microbial product or its derivatives that kills or inhibits the growth of susceptible organisms

A

Antibiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

—is the invasion of body tissues by disease-causing microorganisms

A

Infection

32
Q

are chemicals that are too toxic for systemic use, but that are used as topical anti-infectives

A

Antiseptics

33
Q

are anti-infectives that are so toxic that they are applied only to inanimate objects.

A

Disinfectants

34
Q

___ drug: A drug that is used to inhibit the pathogenic activity of bacteria is called an antibacterial drug. Example: Zithromax.

A

Antibacterial

35
Q

___ drug: A drug that is used to prevent fungal activity in the host is called an antifungal drug. Example: Miconazole

A

Antifungal

36
Q

___ agent: A drug that is used to stop the pathogenic action of a virus is called as antiviral agent. Example: Tamiflu.

A

Antiviral

37
Q

___ drug: A drug used to prevent pathogenic parasites’ growth.
Example: Anthelmintics

A

Antiparasitic

38
Q

Zithromax is an example of a ___

A

Antibacterial

39
Q

Miconazole is an example of a ___

A

Antifungal

40
Q

Tamiflu is an example of a ___

A

Antifungal

41
Q

Anthelmintics is an example of a ___

A

Antiviral

42
Q

Antibiotics cannot fight viral infections.

Fleming predicted the rise of antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotics either kill or slow the growth of bacteria.

Side effects can include diarrhea, an upset stomach, and nausea.

A
43
Q

Amoxicillin. Drug Class:

A

Penicillin Antibiotics. …

44
Q

Augmentin

A

(amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate)

45
Q

Keflex

A

(cephalexin)

46
Q

Cleocin

A

(clindamycin)

47
Q

Zithromax

A

(azithromycin)

48
Q

Morgidox

A

(doxycycline hyclate)

49
Q

Vibramycin

A

(doxycycline hyclate)

50
Q

Flagyl

A

(metronidazole)

51
Q

___ are eukaryotic heterophic( not self-sustaining) organisms that live as saprobes or parasites.
They are complex organisms in comparison to bacteria.

A

Fungi

52
Q

Fungal infections are called as ___

A

mycoses

53
Q

An example of an azole drug is ___, commonly used to treat athlete’s foot, ringworm, vaginal yeast infections, and oral thrush

A

Clotrimazole

54
Q

___- Impairs ergosterol synthesis - Voriconazole

A

Azole

55
Q

___- Impairs ß 1,3 glucan synthesis - Caspofungin

A

Echinocandin

56
Q

___ - Impairs pyrimidine metabolism - Flucytosine

A

Nucleoside analog

57
Q

___- Binds to ergosterol - Amphotericin B deoxycholate

A

Polyene

58
Q

: a major component of fungal cell membranes.

A

Ergosterol

59
Q

: the study of fungi

A

Mycology

60
Q

any agent that is used in the treatment of an infectious disease caused by a virus.

A

Antiviral drug,

61
Q

are responsible for illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, influenza, herpes simplex type I (cold sores of the mouth) and type II (genital herpes), herpes zoster (shingles), viral hepatitis, encephalitis, infectious mononucleosis, and the common cold.

A

Viruses

62
Q

Used to treat infections caused by HIV, the virus that causes AIDS

A

Antiretroviral drugs

63
Q

are used to treat infestations caused by a diverse and complex group of organisms encompassing the unicellular protozoa, which have intricate life cycles often involving more than one host, as well as the helminths, which have highly developed organ systems

A

Antiparasitic agents

64
Q

(for most nematode infections)

A

Mebendazole

65
Q

(for most nematode infections)

A

Pyrantel pamoate

66
Q

(for roundworm infections)

A

Thiabendazole

67
Q

(for treatment of Lymphatic filariasis)

A

Diethylcarbamazine

68
Q

(for prevention of river blindness)

A

Ivermectin

69
Q

(for treatment of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei)

A

Melarsoprol

70
Q

(for sleeping sickness)

A

Eflornithine

71
Q

(for vaginitis caused by Trichomonas)

A

Metronidazole

72
Q

(for intestinal infections caused by Giardia lamblia)

A

Tinidazole

73
Q

Computers can now be used to design molecules to interact with specific microbial structures
Most successful example is ___
Binds to active site of HIV protease

A

saquinavir

74
Q

New methods of screening natural products are being used
Led to the discovery of ___

A

platensimycin

75
Q

-the therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat pathogenic bacterial infections.

A

Bacteriophage therapy

BIO136 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions