Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO136 > Discovery of Microorganisms > Flashcards

Discovery of Microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

Early civilizations (e.g., ___) showed signs of using toilets and sewers dating back as far as 2800 BC

A

Crete, India, Pakistan, and Scotland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

___, 315 AD: Public Lavatories with flowing water where people routinely socialized and conducted business.

A

Rome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

___, 384 AD: first discovered spontaneous generation

A

Aristotle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Aristotle, 384 AD: first discovered ___

A

spontaneous generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The Chinese as early as 589 AD produced ___, while Europeans used ___.

A

toilet paper

moss/hay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

According to Aristotle, it was:
“readily observable that ___ arise from the dew which falls on plants, fleas from putrid matter, mice from dirty hay.”

A

aphids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

People attributed diseases to ___ and ___

A

witchcraft and the devil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Later they believed disease was caused by ___(unpleasant or unhealthy smell)

A

miasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

1632-1723 ___: was the first to demonstrate the presence of micro-organism via microscope

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

As a draper (merchant who sells cloth and dry goods), he used lenses to examine cloth. This probably led to his interest in lens-making.

He assembled hundreds of microscopes, some of which magnified objects 270 times.

As he looked at things with his microscopes, he discovered “micro” organisms - organisms so tiny that they were invisible to the naked eye.

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek called these tiny living organisms “___”. He first described bacteria, protozoans, and many cells of the human body.

A

animalcules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Father of Bacteriology

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Father of Protozoology

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Father of Microbiology

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

opposed the prevailing theory of Spontaneous Generation
He was the first person to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from the eggs of flies.

A

Francesco Redi 1668

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Experiments with meat and flies

A

Francesco Redi 1668

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

He is referred to as the “founder of experimental biology”

A

Francesco Redi 1668

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

___ is the concept that living organisms arise from non-living material.

A

Spontaneous generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Believed death following childbirth (puerperal fever is often caused by the material on the hands of midwives or attending physicians.

A

Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Noticed death rates higher in maternity wards staffed by medical students than in those attended by midwives. Death rates decreased in summer.

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

he emphasized The importance of handwashing

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

He discovered that Streptococcus pneumoniae was the first organism shown to have an important extracellular bacterial pathogen

A

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

He also developed vaccines (like the anthrax vaccine) to prevent cholera, anthrax, and swine erysipelas (a skin disease)

A

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Louis Pasteur also developed vaccines (like the ___ vaccine) to prevent cholera, anthrax, and swine erysipelas (a skin disease)

A

anthrax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Louis Pasteur discovered that ___ was the first organism shown to have an important extracellular bacterial pathogen

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

___ is caused by Bacillus anthracis

A

Anthrax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Anthrax is caused by ___

A

Bacillus anthracis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Demonstrated that sterile infusions will stay sterile in specially constructed flasks even when they were left open to the air

A

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Explained differences in results obtained from different laboratories

Proved Pasteur correct

A

John Tyndall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

He concluded that different infusions require different boiling times to be sterilized
Because of heat-resistant microorganisms: Endospores

A

John Tyndall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

John Tyndall discovered heat-resistant microorganisms called ___

A

Endospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What age of microbiology includes:
Rapid advances by Pasteur and Robert Koch
Discovery of agents of many diseases and the role of immunity in the prevention and cure of disease
Discoveries include:
Fermentation and pasteurization
The germ theory of disease
Vaccination

A

Golden Age of Microbiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The golden age of microbiology includes the following discoveries:

A

Rapid advances by Pasteur and Robert Koch
Discovery of agents of many diseases and the role of immunity in the prevention and cure of disease
Discoveries include:
Fermentation and pasteurization
The germ theory of disease
Vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

this process means the absolute removal of all life forms

A

Sterilization

35
Q

___ - is a process in which water and certain packaged and non-packaged foods (such as milk and fruit juice) are treated with mild heat to eliminate pathogens and extend shelf life.

A

Pasteurization

36
Q

___ -the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.

A

Fermentation

37
Q

___ : to fight silkworm disease

A

Pasteur

38
Q

___ : Instructed hospital staff to wash hands

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

39
Q

___ : treated surgical wounds with phenol solution

A

Lister

40
Q

___ : Interviewed sick and healthy Londoners during a cholera epidemic

A

John Snow

41
Q

used a primitive compound (two magnifying lenses)
he published Micrographia (1665)

A

Robert Hooke

42
Q

his discovery led to the formulation of the cell theory, which states that cells are the basic organizational unit of all living things.

A

Robert Hooke

43
Q

Professor of Physics and Mathematics at the University of Reggio Emilia started repeating the experiments of John Turberville Needham.
-Catholic priest, biologist and physiologist –
-He found significant errors in the experiments conducted by Needham

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–1799)

44
Q

he discovered Mycobacterium leprae

A

Gerhard Armauer Hansen

45
Q

his discovery of Mycobacterium leprae proved that leprosy was caused by a germ, and was thus not hereditary, from a curse, or from a sin.

A

Gerhard Armauer Hansen

46
Q

Mycobacterium leprae is also known as “___”,

A

Hansen’s Bacillus

47
Q

___ is also known as “Hansen’s Bacillus”,

A

Mycobacterium leprae

48
Q

Hungarian physician whose work demonstrated that hand-washing could drastically reduce the number of women dying after childbirth.

This work took place in the 1840s, while he was Director of the maternity clinic at the Vienna General Hospital in Austria.

A

Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-65)

49
Q

known as the “savior of mothers” who discovered, by 1847, that the incidence of puerperal fever, also known as childbirth fever or puerperal sepsis

A

Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-65)

50
Q

puerperal fever, also known as ___ or ___

A

childbirth fever or puerperal sepsis

51
Q

was a Danish bacteriologist noted for his development of the Gram stain, still a standard technique to classify bacteria and make them more visible under a microscope.
Gram developed a method for distinguishing between two major classes of bacteria.

A

Hans Christian Gram
(13 Sept 1853 – 14 Nov 1938)

52
Q

his initial work concerned the study of red blood cells in men.

He was among the first to recognize that macrocytes were characteristic of pernicious anemia.

A

Hans Christian Gram
(13 Sept 1853 – 14 Nov 1938)

53
Q

___ is a standard technique to classify bacteria and make them more visible under a microscope.

A

Gram stain

54
Q

macrocytes were characteristic of ___ anemia.

A

pernicious

55
Q

developed carbolic acid to treat wounds and clean surgical instruments

A

Joseph Lister – 1860’s

56
Q
  1. First antiseptic use in surgery, chemicals
    used as agents on a tissue before
    surgery (tissue treated with an
    antimicrobial agent – antiseptic,
    betadine) disinfectants are chemicals,
    used on a surface
  2. Also proved that microbes cause surgical infections (today’s scourge –MRSA)
A

Joseph Lister – 1860’s

57
Q

MRSA means

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

58
Q

___ is a cause of staph infection that is difficult to treat because of resistance to some antibiotics.

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

59
Q

is credited with the first vaccine – in epidemics of smallpox during the late 1700s

A

Edward Jenner

60
Q

Inoculate with fluid from ___ blisters prevented smallpox

A

cowpox

61
Q

Inoculate with fluid from cowpox blisters prevented ___

A

smallpox

62
Q

Introduced vaccine for smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

63
Q

he is also known as the “Father of Immunology”.

A

Edward Jenner

64
Q

Vaccination comes from the Latin word “___” meaning ___.

A

vacca

cow

65
Q

Described methods of preparing cultures

A

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

66
Q

Discovered the causative agents of:
-tuberculosis
-cholera

A

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

67
Q

Robert Koch discovered the causative agents of:

A

-tuberculosis
-cholera

68
Q

he won the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Introduced the use of pure culture techniques for handling bacteria in the lab

A

Robert Koch

69
Q

Cultured bacteria on agar and
Proved germ theory of disease

A

Robert Koch

70
Q

developed penicillin in 1929 from a fungus called Penicillium

A

Alexander Fleming

71
Q

they were awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of the antibiotic penicillin and identified how it cures bacterial diseases.

A

Alexander Fleming

72
Q

___ is derived from a fungus called Penicillium

A

penicillin

73
Q

penicillin is derived from a fungus called ___

A

Penicillium

74
Q

A German doctor who wanted to find a “magic bullet” an agent that would kill the disease agent without hurting the patient

A

Paul Ehrlich (14 March 1854 – 20 August 1915)

75
Q

Developed Salvarsan, “salvation from syphilis” agent

  1. This was an arsenical–arsenic compound “atoxyl”, that was effective against syphilis
    -Antimicrobial agent, medicine to treat a microbial disease, it was chemical –chemotherapy
A

Paul Ehrlich (14 March 1854 – 20 August 1915)

76
Q

the “salvation from syphilis” agent

A

Salvarsan

77
Q

an arsenical–arsenic compound “___”, that was effective against syphilis

A

atoxyl

78
Q

Identification of Microorganisms

A

Microscopic examination
Culture characteristics
Biochemical tests
Nucleic Acid Analysis
Serological Tests
A person’s symptoms also play a role

79
Q

-provides the name of the organism (to genus or species level), which can help in determining whether it is a safety or spoilage concern or is likely to be heat resistant.

A

Microscopic examination

80
Q

-effective media culture must contain nutrients broths and agar plates; specialized media are sometimes required for microorganism and cell culture growth.

A

Culture characteristics

81
Q
  • used for the identification of bacteria species based on the differences in the biochemical activities of different bacteria.
A

Biochemical tests

82
Q
  • (genomics) involves isolation and characterization of DNA or RNA for use in applications such as genotyping, gene expression analysis, epigenetic analysis, microbiome studies and more.
A

Nucleic Acid Analysis

83
Q

-blood tests that look for antibodies in your blood. They can involve a number of laboratory techniques. Different types of serologic tests are used to diagnose various disease conditions.

A

Serological Tests

84
Q

Nucleic Acid Analysis is also known as ‘____’

A

genomics

BIO136 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions