Finals - Infectious Agents of the Cardiovascular System - Sheet1

Question 1

membrane that lines inside the chambers of the heart and forms the surface of the valves

Answer 1

Endocardium

Question 2

• muscular tissue of the heart

Answer 2

Myocardium

Question 3

• membrane enclosing the heart

Answer 3

Pericardium

Question 4

It is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium

Answer 4

Endocarditis

Question 5

Endocarditis usually involves the HEART VALVES or ATRIUMS?

Answer 5

VALVES

Question 6

Endocarditis is characterized by a lesion called

Answer 6

VEGETATION

Question 7

Endocarditis Cause:

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(Bacterial) Staphylococcus aureus

Question 8

an abnormal heart sound of turbulent blood flow through the heart

Answer 8

heart murmur

Question 9

Diagnosis for Endocarditis

Answer 9

chest X-ray
computed tomography (CT) scan
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Electrocardiogram (EKG)-monitors electrical activity in your heart
CBC

Question 10

Prevention for Endocarditis

Answer 10

Dental health
Avoid body piercing and tattoos
Seek prompt medical attention if you develop any type of skin infection, open cuts or sores that don’t heal properly

Question 11

is a complication of rheumatic fever in which the heart valves are damaged.

Answer 11

Rheumatic Heart Disease

Question 12

is an inflammatory disease that begins with strep throat.

Answer 12

Rheumatic fever

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Cause of Rheumatic Heart Disease

Answer 13

Group A Streptococcus

Question 14

are jerky, uncontrollable body movements — most often in the hands, feet and face

Answer 14

(Sydenham chorea)

Question 15

Diagnosis for Rheumatic Heart Disease

Answer 15

Physical examination
Echocardiogram (echo)
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Chest X-ray
Cardiac MRI
Blood tests

Question 16

Treatment for Rheumatic Heart Disease

Answer 16

Antibiotics ( Penicillin)
Aspirin
Steroids

Question 17

aims to minimize risk factors for a disease in a population through improvement to environment, economic, social and behavioral conditions that are known to increase the risk of infections. Examples include improved housing and reduced overcrowding.

Answer 17

Primordial prevention

Question 18

aims to prevent complications from a known problem includes early diagnosis of group A streptococcus throat infections

Answer 18

Primary prevention

Question 19

refers to the early detection of disease and measures to prevent recurrent disease and worsening of the condition (Secondary prophylaxis with regular benzathine penicillin G injection)

Answer 19

Secondary Prevention

Question 20

aims to prevent complications once a disease is established - means reducing symptoms to minimize disability and prevent premature death.

Answer 20

Tertiary prevention

Question 21

Condition in which artery wall thickens as the result of a build up of fatty materials such as cholesterol

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Atherosclerosis

Question 22

• is any hardening( and loss of elasticity) of arterioles (small arteries)

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Arteriosclerosis

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• is used for substances or processes that cause atherosclerosis

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Atherogenic

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-is the developmental process of atheromatous plaques

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Atherogenesis

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Causes of Atherosclerosis

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Atherosclerosis begins with damage to the endothelium. Common causes include: High cholesterol High blood pressure Inflammation, like from arthritis or lupus Obesity or diabetes Smoking

Question 26

- in which the doctor puts dye into your arteries will be visible on an X-ray

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Angiogram

Question 27

- a test to compare blood pressures in the lower leg and arm

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Ankle-brachial index

Question 28

- a record the heart’s electrical activity

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EKG

Question 29

-in which you exercise while health care professionals watch your heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing

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Stress test

Question 30

Treatment of Atherosclerosis

Answer 30

Anticholesterol-lowering medications Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers

Question 31

heart medications including statins and fibrates.

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Anticholesterol-lowering medications,

Question 32

heart medications which may help prevent narrowing of your arteries.

Answer 32

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors,

Question 33

heart medications to lower your blood pressure.

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Beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers

Question 34

also known as inflammatory cardiomyopathy inflammation of the heart muscle Causes include bacterial infections, certain medications, toxins, and autoimmune disorders.

Answer 34

Myocarditis

Question 35

Causes of Myocarditis

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Coxsackie B viruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Hepatitis C Herpes HIV Parvovirus

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(a common sexually transmitted disease)

Answer 36

Chlamydia

Question 37

(bacteria that cause a lung infection)

Answer 37

Mycoplasma

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(the cause of syphilis)

Answer 38

Treponema

Question 39

(the cause of Lyme disease)

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Borrelia

Question 40

is inflammation of the pericardium (the fibrous sac surrounding the heart). Causes: viral infection or bacterial infections such as tuberculosis, uremic pericarditis, following a heart attack, cancer, autoimmune disorders, and chest trauma

Answer 40

Pericarditis

Question 41

uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create cross-sectional images of the heart that can reveal thickening, inflammation or other changes in the pericardium.

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Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-

Question 42

can help control the inflammation and prevent pericarditis

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Colchicine

Question 43

almost always a complication of endocarditis may rupture in spite of antibiotic treatment

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Mycotic aneurysms

Question 44

rare infection following bacteremia in older persons with extensive atherosclerotic disease of the aorta associated with staphylococci (from contaminated IVs) or with Salmonella (from bacteremic intestinal infection)

Answer 44

Aortitis

Question 45

is the dreaded long-term complication of tuberculosis with pericarditis Causes impaired filling of the ventricles limited in expansion by the stiff and unyielding pericardium Pericardiectomy may be necessary

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Constrictive pericarditis

Question 46

Heart involvement during syphilis occurs in the stage of disease, many years after acquisition

Answer 46

tertiary

Question 47

caused by Borrelia burgdorferii (N. America) and Borrelia afzeli (Europe) transmitted by Ixodes spp. tick bites Expanding, ring-like skin lesions occur at the bite sites (“erythema chronicum migrans” or ECM) ECM followed by dissemination with self-limited fever, arthralgia, neurologic and/or cardiac manifestations after weeks to months. Long-standing, untreated disease may result in chronic, recurrent arthritis or persistent CNS symptoms.

Answer 47

Lyme disease

Question 48

is the most common cause of reversible heart block

Answer 48

Lyme carditis

Question 49

Chagas’ disease is transmitted by

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Reduviid bug

Question 50

blood-sucking insect, lives in roof thatch or cracks in mud walls of substandard rural housing in South and Central America

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reduviid bug (triatomine)

Question 51

the reduviid bug defecates while taking a blood meal; the pathogen, ___, is in the insect feces and is scratched into the bite site by the victim.

Answer 51

Trypanosoma cruz

Question 52

occurs in tropical regions worldwide causes fibrosis of the endomyocardium with obliteration of the either (or both) ventricular chambers--> CHF often preceded by profound eosinophilia Cause-unknown

Answer 52

Endomyocardial Fibrosis

Question 53

is a extrapulmonary form of active TB may scar and cause constrictive pericarditis treat as for TB with corticosteroids added to prevent scarring

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Tuberculous pericarditis

Question 54

can cause aortic root dilation and aortic insufficiency

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Tertiary syphilis

Question 55

Disseminated phase of ___ is may cause a reversible heart block

Answer 55

Lyme disease

Question 56

Untreated ___ can cause chronic dilated cardiomyopathy after decades

Answer 56

American trypanosomiasis