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Sports Nutrition and Metabolism Yr 2 > Antioxidant Supplementation > Flashcards

Antioxidant Supplementation Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 classes of reactive species

A
  1. Reactive Oxygen Species: Radicals
  2. Reactive Oxygen Species: Non-Radicals
  3. Reactive Nitrogen Species: Radicals
  4. Reactive Nitrogen Species: Non-Radicals
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2
Q

Give an example of Reactive Oxygen Species: Radicals

A

a. Superoxide

b. Hydroxyl Groups

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3
Q

Give an example of Reactive Oxygen Species: Non-Radicals

A

a. Hydrogen Peroxide

b. Singlet oxygen

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4
Q

Give an example of Reactive Nitrogen Species: Radicals

A

a. Nitric oxide

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5
Q

Give an example of Reactive Nitrogen Species: Non-Radicals

A

a. Peroxynitrite

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6
Q

What do reactive species do to other compounds

A

Steal electrons

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7
Q

What are the opposites of ROS/RNS in the body

A

Anti-oxidants

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8
Q

Define peroxidation

A

a chain oxidative reaction causing the dysfunction of the phospholipid bilayer

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9
Q

What happens when LDL are oxidised

A

more atherogenic, and increasing likelihood of atherosclerosis, as they deposit cholesterol in the blood vessels more readily

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10
Q

What happens when ROS/RNS reduce bioavaliability

A

impairs blood vessel function, as NO binds to singlet oxygen forming Peroxynitrite (very damaging, causing peroxidation)

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11
Q

How do ROS/RNS damage proteins

A

carbonylation or nitrosylation

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12
Q

How does carbonylation or nitrosylation effect the body

A

impairs enzymatic function,

and altered function causes symptoms of ageing.

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13
Q

What response do ROS/RNS trigger that can lead to CVD, obesity and diabetes

A

Inflammatory response

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14
Q

Give 2 ways ROS/RNS can negatively impact sports performance

A
  • Cell membranes become leaky- and enzymes etc can leave the cell e.g. creatine kinase
  • Altered function of transporters, enzymes, and contractile proteins
  • Reduced NO bioavailability, which decreases perfusion
  • Inflammation leads to soreness, and pain as well as increased RPE
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15
Q

True or False: exercise produces greater levels of ROS/RNS

A

True

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16
Q

Why does exercise produce greater levels of ROS

A

NADPH Oxidase produces superoxide. Its activity is increased during exercise

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17
Q

Give 2 beneficial uses of ROS/RNS

A
  • Vasodilation (alter blood pressure)
  • Immune function- damage to pathogens e.g. the oxidative burst
  • Cell communication
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18
Q

What are the two classes of endogenous antioxidants

A
  • enzymatic

- non-enzymatic

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19
Q

Give 2 examples of enzymatic antioxidants

A 
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX)
Catalase (CAT)
Peroxiredoxin
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20
Q

Give 2 examples of non-enzymatic antioxidants

A 
Uric Acid
Glutathione
Bilirubin
Thiols
Albumin
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21
Q

What are the 3 classes of nutritional antioxidants

A

Vitamins
Minerals
Phytochemicals

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22
Q

Give 2 examples of antioxidant vitamins

A

C
E
Carotene

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23
Q

Give 2 examples of antioxidant minerals

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A

Copper
Zinc
Manganese
Selenium

24
Q

Give 2 examples of antioxidant phytochemicals

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A

Phenolic acids
Stilbenes
Flavonoids

25
True or false: Training results in increases in enzymatic antioxidants
True
26
Where specifically are enzymatic antioxidants found
cell mitochondria
27
Where specifically are non-enzymatic antioxidants found
Blood vessels
28
Catalase is the detoxifying enzyme for H202 resulting in what
H20 + 02
29
Iron is the detoxifying element for H202 resulting in what
OH
30
Give 2 indirect methods of measuring ROS/RNS
* Protein carbonyls and nitrotyrosine * F2 isoprostanes- liver * TBARS- lipids * MDA- lipids
31
Give a direct method of measuring ROS/RNS
• Spin traps for specific radicals
32
ROS can be useful for adaptation. Give 2 processes they signal for
mitochondriongenesis, hypertrophy, angiogenesis and an increase in antioxidant enzymes.
33
ROS lead to the transcription of ----- dependent genes
NF-KB
34
State 2 negative effects of exercise generated ROS
- reduced ca sensitivity - muscle damage (activated neutrophils) - ischaemic reperfusion - decreased perfusion
35
Why is decreased Ca sensitivity a bad thing
impairs muscle force production
36
Give 3 effects Antioxidant supplementation may have
``` • Increased E-C Coupling (Ca release) • Central drive (Decreased with ROS) • Substrate depletion (Decreased glucose with ROS) • Muscle perfusion o Increased NO bioavailability • Inhibition of ROS production ```
37
What is N-acetylcysteine
A direct oxidant scavenger, which provides the cysteine for glutathione
38
How did N-acetylcysteine effect performance
improved sprint power output, and decreased levels of ROS biomarkers. IL-6 was decreased, and glutathione was increasing
39
What is glutathione
an antioxidant
40
What is quercetin
A polyphenol (flavonol) which has a widespread presence in fruits and vegetables. It has antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, cardioprotective and ergogenic properties.
41
What is a beneficial dose of acute polyphenol
300mg.d-1
42
When should acute polyphenols be taken in to be beneficial
~2 hours prior to exercise
43
What are polyphenols made up of (structurally)
6-C phenolic rings, and 2 hydroxyl groups
44
State 2 classes of polyphenols
1. Flavonoids 2. Lignans 3. Phenolic Acids 4. Stilbenes 5. Other e.g. curcumin
45
Give 2 classes of flavonoids
1. Anthocyanidins e.g. delphinidin and malvidin (dictate the colour of the fruit) 2. Flavonols 3. Flavones 4. Flavonones 5. Isoflavones 6. Flavanols
46
Which fruit has the greatest polyphenol levels
Blackcurrants
47
Why do we use freeze-dried powders not fresh fruit
extremely large amount of fruit is needed to be consumed for performance benefits. This is expensive and has GI issues
48
What are the direct antioxidant effects polyphenols possess called
radical scavengers
49
What are the direct antioxidant effects of polyphenols limited by
Bioavaliability
50
True or false: 5-10% of dietary polyphenols are absorbed by the colon; 90-95% are absorbed in the small intestine.
False- other way around 5-10% of dietary polyphenols are absorbed by the colon; 90-95% are absorbed in the small intestine.
51
How does ROS/RNS effect NR-f2
cause the dissociation of the NR-F2 transcription factor, which moves to the nucleus, and upregulates antioxidant response elements
52
True or false: An increase in antioxidants has been shown to reduce the initial injury from ROS and lessen this positive feedback cycle.
True
53
What is the optimal dose for Montmorency cherry?
~1000mg.d-1 for 3 days prior to exercise.
54
How does montmorency cherry improve recovery
by attenuating a loss of muscle force, soreness and inflammation
55
How do cherries impact sleep
Cherries contain melatonin, which has been linked to improved sleep quality and duration

Sports Nutrition and Metabolism Yr 2 (13 decks)

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