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Pharmacology II > Antitubercular Drugs > Flashcards

Antitubercular Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What causes TB?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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2
Q

T/F: Antitubercular drugs treat all forms of mycobacterium?

A

T

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3
Q

What most commonly denotes a TB infection?

A

nodular accumulations of macrophages, lymphocytes with clear boundaries and a cheesy consistency

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4
Q

T/F: TB can’t infect virtually every tissue and organ of the body

A

F: TB can infect virtually every tissue and organ in the body

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5
Q

How are tubercle bacilli spread?

A

droplets via coughing or sneezing that are inhaled

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6
Q

How is TB spread around the hosts body?

A

via the lymphatic system

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7
Q

What is dormancy?

A

when an individual may test positive for exposure but are not necessarily infectious

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8
Q

What country has one of the lowest rates of active TB?

A

Canada

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9
Q

What demographic has a higher incidence of TB infections in Canada?

A

Indigenous peoples

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10
Q

What drugs is Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis resistant to?

A

both isoniazid (isonicotine hydrazine [INH]) and rifampin.

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11
Q

How long do close contacts need to be treated for?

A

6-9 months

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12
Q

What is the primary drug used to treat TB worldwide?

A

isoniazid

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13
Q

What are the two phases of TB therapy?

A

Initial intensive phase with two medications

Continuation phase with three or more medications

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14
Q

What are First-line drugs of TB therapy?

A

isoniazid: primary drug
ethambutol hydrochloride
pyrazinamide
rifampin

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15
Q

What are the Second-line drugs of TB therapy?

A

amikacin sulphate
levofloxacin hemihydrate
moxifloxacin hydrochloride

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16
Q

What Antitubercular drug is a protein wall synthesis inhibitor?

A

Rifampin

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17
Q

What Antitubercular drug is a cell wall synthesis inhibitor?

A

Isoniazid

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18
Q

Where and how is Isoniazid metabolized? What needs to be watched for?

A

metabolized in the liver, via acetylation, watch for slow acetylators

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19
Q

What are the AEs of Isoniazid?

A

Peripheral neuritis, hepatotoxicity, hyperglycemia, discoloration of body fluids (see rifampin)

20
Q

What may be needed for peripheral neuropathy?

A

Vitamin B6

21
Q

What demographic is Ethambutol hydrochloride contradicted in?

A

children under 13 yo

22
Q

What are the AEs of Ethambutol hydrochloride?

A

May cause visual changes (optic neuritis, blindness, altered color perception)

23
Q

What route is Ethambutol hydrochloride available in?

A

oral

24
Q

What other mycobacterial disease is Ethambutol hydrochloride used to treat?

A

Leprosy

25
Q

What conditions is Pyrazinamide contradicted in?

A

severe liver disease and gout

26
Q

What patient population is Pyrazinamide not often used in?

A

Pregnant patients due to lack of evidence

27
Q

What are the AEs of Rifampin?

A

May experience discolouration of:
Skin, sweat, tears, urine, feces, sputum, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and tongue

hepatitis; hematological disorders

28
Q

What other diseases in Rifampin effective against?

A

meningococcus, Haemophiles influenza B and leprosy

29
Q

What is Purified Protein Derivative?

A

a diagnostic agent given ID used to detect TB; also known as TB skin test

30
Q

How do you now that a patient had TB after a skin test?

A

Induration (when the soft tissue of different parts of the body, especially the skin, becomes thicker and harder due to an inflammatory process caused by various triggering factors)

31
Q

What is Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)?

A

an injection of inactivated Mycobacterium bovis

32
Q

Where is BCG normally used?

A

In First Nations communities of Canada and around the world

33
Q

T/F: BCG prevents TB infection?

A

F: BCG is used to reduce active TB by 60-80% and preventing severe cases

34
Q

T/F: BCG can cause a false-positive of TB skin test?

A

T

35
Q

What is the major effect of Antitubercular drugs?

A

reduction of cough in around two weeks

36
Q

Can TB be cured? if so how long dose it take for a successful treatment of TB?

A

Yes, most cases of TB can be cured; usually taking 6-12 months possibly 24 months of several antibiotic, and antitubercular drugs

37
Q

What dose the effectiveness of antitubercular therapy depend on?

A

Type of infection
Adequate dosing
Sufficient duration of treatment
Adherence to drug regimen
Selection of an effective drug combination

38
Q

What needs to be obtained during antitubercular drug therapy?

A

medical history and assessments
liver function for INH patients
contraindications

39
Q

What is a critical nursing priority of TB patients

A

education

40
Q

What education point is important to emphasize to patients during teaching?

A

they are contagious during the initial period of illness—instruct them in proper hygiene and prevention of the spread of infected droplets.

41
Q

What shouldn’t patients use while taking Antitubercular drugs?

A

alcohol, or OTC drugs (check with prescriber)

42
Q

What should patients taking Rifampin be told in regard to their excretions?

A

urine, stool, saliva, sputum, sweat, or tears may become reddish orange; even contact lenses may be stained.

43
Q

What drug may be used to combat Neurological diseases caused by INH?

A

Pyridoxine

44
Q

Should TB meds be given with food? Why?

A

yes, to reduce upset GI

45
Q

What AEs should patients be instructed to report?

A

fatigue, nausea, vomiting, numbness and tingling of the extremities, fever, loss of appetite, depression, and jaundice, altered colour perception, changes in visual acuity

46
Q

what dose aerobic mean?

A

requires oxygen

47
Q
A

Pharmacology II (12 decks)

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