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Pharmacology II > Fluids and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluids and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

how much of the body is composed of water?

A

60%

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2
Q

How is the TBW value different in infants and older adults?

A

TBW is higher in infants and lower in older adults

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3
Q

What is total body water composed of?

A

67% Intracellular fluid
25% Interstitial fluid
8 % plasma volume

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4
Q

Where is Intravascular Fluid?

A

Inside Blood vessels

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5
Q

Where is Extravascular Fluid?

A

Outside the blood vessels
(lymph, cerebrospinal fluid)

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Breakdown the distribution of TBW

A

TBW = 60%
ICF = 2/3 of TBW
ECF = 1/3 of TBW
ISF = 2/3 of ECF
PV = 1/3 of ECF

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8
Q

_____ + _____ = ECF

A

Interstitial fluid + Plasma = ECF

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9
Q

Define Tonicity

A

is the measurement of concentration when referring to IV solutions

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10
Q

define Osmolarity

A

is the measurement of concentration when referring to body fluids

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11
Q

What is COP

A

COP stands for Colloid osmotic pressure and is when colloids that can not leave the blood stream due to their size cause fluid to be pulled into the blood vessels. is normally 24 mm Hg

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12
Q

Where dose fluid move in a hypertonic solution?

A

Out of the cell because the osmolarity is higher outside the cell. Cell shrinkage

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13
Q

Where dose fluid move in a hypotonic solution?

A

Into the cell because the osmolarity is higher in the cell. Cell bursting

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14
Q

Where dose fluid move in a isotonic solution

A

No net movement because the osmolarity is the same inside and outside the cell

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15
Q

Define Edema

A

When there is an accumulation of fluid in the Extravascular space

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16
Q

Define dehydration

A

When fluid lost exceeds fluid gained

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17
Q

What are Crystalloids?

A

solutions containing fluids and electrolytes
they contain no proteins
No risk for anaphylaxis, viral transition, or altered coagulation

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18
Q

What are the 4 reasons to use Crystalloids?

A

Compensate for insensible fluid loss
Replacement of fluids
Manage fluid and electrolyte disturbances
Promote urinary flow

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19
Q

List the Crystalloids you need to know for the exam

A

Normal saline: 0.9 % sodium chloride
3.3 Dextrose and 0.3 NS
Hypertonic saline
Lactated ringer solution (Iso)
Dextrose 5% in H20 (Iso)
D5W and 0.45 NS (Hyp)

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20
Q

What are the indications of Crystalloids?

A

Compensate for insensible fluid loss
Replace fluids
manage fluid and electrolyte disturbance
promote urinary flow
DVT
hemodiaysis
shock
burns

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21
Q

What are the AE of Crystalloids?

A

May cause edema
may dilute plasma proteins = decreased COP
short therapeutic life
long infusions may impact acidosis or alkalosis

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22
Q

What are Colloids?

A

Protein substances
Increase COP = move ISF to PV when needed

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23
Q

Name the Colloid drugs you need to know for the exam

A

Albumin 5% & 25%
Dextran 40 or 70
Hetastarch

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24
Q

What are the AE of Colloids?

A

May alter coagulation
Have no clotting or oxygen carrying capacity
Rarely causes kidney issues or allergic reaction

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25
Where is Albumin produced?
Liver
26
____ is responsible for creating 70% of COP
Albumin
27
Where is Albumin obtained from?
Human donors
28
_____ is the only fluid that can carry oxygen
Blood products
29
What do Blood products do?
Increase oxygenation and PV Increase COP
30
What are the indications of blood products
To manage bleeding (cryoprecipitate) Increase clotting factors (Fresh frozen plasma) Increase oxygen carrying capacity (RBC, Whole blood) Help bring fluid back into PV compartment (Whole blood)
31
What are the AE of Blood products?
Not Compatible for everyone (immune response) Transfusion reaction Anaphylaxis pathogen transmission
32
What are the principle ECF electrolytes?
Sodium cations Chloride anions
33
What are the principle ICF electrolytes?
Potassium
34
Where is most of the bodies Potassium?
95% in cells
35
What is the most abundant cationic electrolyte in the body?
Potassium
36
What is a healthy range of Potassium in the body?
3.5-5 mmol/L
37
Name 5 foods high in Potassium
Bananas, oranges, broccoli, potatoes, wheat bread, etc.
38
Where is extra potassium exdcreted?
The kidneys
39
What can cause to Hyperkalemia?
Potassium supplements Kidney failure ACEs Burns/trauma/infections Metabolic acidosis potassium sparing diuretics
40
What can cause Hypokalemia?
Alkalosis Corticosteroids Diarrhea/vomiting Burns Thiazide and Thiazide like diuretics Hyper aldosterone
41
What can cause digoxin toxicity?
Hypokalemia when taken with digoxin resulting in Ventricular dysrythmias
42
What are the 6 things Potassium is responsible for in the body?
Muscle contraction Nerve impulse transmitting Heart beating balancing acid-base Isotonicity Electrodynamic characteristics of the cell
43
What is the Indications of Potassium?
treat/ prevent potassium depletion Stop irregular heart beats Manage tachydysrhythmias
44
What are the AE of Potassium?
PO: NVD, GI bleeding, ulceration IV: pain at injection site, phlebitis (inflammation of vein near site) Too much: hyperkalemia, toxicity, cardiac arrest
45
How dose Hyperkalemia manifest?
Muscle weakness, paresthesia (numbness/tingling) , paralysis, cardia irregularities
46
How do you treat Hyperkalemia?
hemodialysis to remove excess K+ IV sodium bicarbonate Sodium Polystyrene sulphonate
47
What is the normal concentration of Na+ out of the cell?
135-145 mmol/L
48
How dose hyponatremia present?
lethargy, stomach cramps, hypotension, vomiting and diarrhea, seizures
49
What causes Hyponatremia?
Excessive diarrhea, vomiting, perspiration, kidneys disorder, adrenocortical impairment
50
How dose hypernatremia present?
Edema, hypertension, red, flushed, dry, sticky mucous membranes, thirst, increased temp, little or no urine output
51
What causes Hypernatremia?
Poor excretion of Na+, inadequate H20 intake, dehydration
52
What is Na+ responsible for in the body?
Control of water reabsorption fluid and electrolyte balance Osmotic pressure of Body fluids Participation of acid-base balance
53
What are the indications of Na+?
Na+ depletion in mild cases treat with oral NaCl or fluid restriction In severe cases use IV NS or lactated Ringer solution
54
What are the AE of Na+?
PO: Nausea, vomiting, cramps IV: vein inflamation
55
What needs to be assessed when pt is taking Fluid and electrolyte drugs?
baseline fluids electrolyte status VS weights mucous membrane I/O Electrocardiogram (K+) contraindications Transfusion Hx
56
What needs to be monitored when pt is on Fluid and electrolyte drugs?
Serum electrolyte levels Infusion rates and sites appearance of fluid or solution other IV complications
57
What is the max infusion rate for IV K+?
10mmol/hr when pt is not on cardiac monitor 20mmol/L when critical pt is on cardiac monitor
58
How should you NEVER give K+?
IV bolus or undiluted
59
______ should always be taken with 100-250mL of fluid and food to avoid upset GI, and avoid rapid absorption
potassium
60
How should colloids be admintred?
slowly

Pharmacology II (12 decks)

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