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TCD > Anxiety > Flashcards

Anxiety Flashcards

1
Q

what is anxiety

A

intense fear of events/situation that are avoided/endured with sense of dread/distress

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2
Q

what is anxiety motivated by

A

future events which are more abstract

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3
Q

what is fear motivated by

A

imminent threats

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4
Q

similarities between fear and anxiety

A

arousal via sympathetic nervous system (involuntary response to dangerous or stressful situation)

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5
Q

what is the resulting feeling from anxiety

A

long, sustained affective state which is diffused

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6
Q

epidemiology of anxiety

A

most commonly experienced psych condition in US

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7
Q

lifetime prevalence of anxiety

A

29%

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8
Q

is anxiety comorbid, and with what

A

50% with anxiety meet criteria for another anxiety disorder
66% meet criteria for another psych disorder
60% with depression

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9
Q

sex differences in anxiety

A

2:1 female to male ratio

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10
Q

sex differences in anxiety explaineed

A

women more likely to get help
more factors which induce anxiety
- trauma exposure, mood amplification

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11
Q

heritability of anxiety

A

20-40% of anxiety disorder

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12
Q

environmental factors and anxiety

A

childhood trauma increases risk
cultural context influence prevalence and focus

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13
Q

common criteria of anxiety

A

interferes with functioning - should cause impairment
not caused by drug or medical condition
should persist for 6 months
symptoms cannot be explained by another disorder

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14
Q

specific phobia ?

A

form of anxiety targeted on specific stimulus or situation

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15
Q

specific criteria for anxiety

A
  • marked/disproportionate fear constantly triggered by specific objects or situations
  • object/situation is avoided or endured with intense anxiety
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16
Q

lifetime prevalence of specific phobias

A

7-15%

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17
Q

when and how do specific phobias begin

A

in childhood
avg age 8
often linked to specific experiences

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18
Q

social anxiety disorder - criteria

A

marked and disproportionate fear consistently triggered by exposure to potential social security
exposure to trigger leads to intense anxiety about being evaluated negatively
triggering situations are avoided or endured with intense anxiety

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19
Q

what are the effects of social anxiety disorder

A

more serious as socialising is crucial for navigating a normal and healthy life
poeple miss out on experiences, social connections, relationships
ruminate extensively about future scenarios and possible outcomes

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20
Q

when does social anxiety disorder begin

A

usually adolescence but sometimes childhood
not from one event but broad childhood experiences which could subsume variety of social experiences

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21
Q

panic disorder

A

recurrent and unexpected panic attacks
the misfiring of fear system, symptoms begin and cycle, brings on onset of panic attack

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22
Q

criteria of panic disorder

A

at least 1 month of concern/worry about experiencing attacks or fearing the consequence
maladaptive behvaioural changes

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23
Q

what are panic attacks

A

unexpected and uncontrollable episodes of terror, apprehension, sense of dread, accompanied by physiological changes

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24
Q

physiological changes of panic attacks

A

breathlessness, dizziness, nausea, palpitations

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25
Q

how common are panic attacks

A

25%

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26
Q

agoraphobia

A

consistent fear and anxiety about situations where it would be embarrassing or difficult to escape if anxiety symptoms occurred

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27
Q

characteristics of agoraphobia

A

situations are either avoided or suffered using maladaptive coping mechanisms, or with intense anxiety

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28
Q

what was agoraphobia formerly noted as

A

special case of panic disorder

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29
Q

why is agoraphobia now its own disorder

A

only 50% of sufferers of this have panic attacks

30
Q

generalised anxiety disorder - characterising feature

A

the phenomena of worry, diffused and spread to many contexts

31
Q

why is GAD difficult to treat in therapy

A

because there is not immediate stimuli to target like in specialised anxiety disorders

32
Q

chronicity of GAD

A

half patients experience perseverance over 8 years

33
Q

GAD and comorbidity

A

~80% of patients meet criteria for other anxiety disorders

34
Q

GAD - special criteria

A
  • excessive anxiety and worry at least 50% of days about a number of events
  • hard to control the worry, not active and intentional rumination
  • diffused experience - no specific target
35
Q

anxiety and worry are associated with what

A

restlessness
easily fatigued
difficulty concentrating / mind going blank
irritability
muscle tension
sleep disturbance

36
Q

what is the key framework for causes of anxiety disorders

A

associative learning

37
Q

what is associative learning

A

how people learn from events which occur in environments
- connections made with events which occur together

38
Q

fear extinction

A

process where association between condition stimulus and uncondition stimulus is unlearnt over time

39
Q

DSM 5 - pathological anxiety, why do anxieties remain

A

due to maladaptive avoidance
- the adaptation to life style perpetuates the fear over time

40
Q

what is Mowrer’s 2 factor model

A

Pavlovian conditioning - learning gets fear started
instrumental conditioning - keeps the fear alive

41
Q

what is instrumental conditioning

A

how we act in the context of rewards

42
Q

positive reinforcement

A

desired behaviour elicits reward

43
Q

negative reinforcement

A

desired behaviour, no punishment

44
Q

trait vulnerability

A

stressors which increase risk for mood disorders
people are more or less susceptible to developing phobia

45
Q

anxiety and fear conditioning

A

anxious people tend to be more fearful of neutral stimuli, if in threatening context
more likely to develop fear than healthy people
slower to extinguish fear

46
Q

stimulus generalisation

A

process whereby neutral stimuli that are distinct from, but similar to, original conditioned stimulus can partially elicit conditioned response

47
Q

amygdala - brains fear circuit

A

important for fear acquisition, storage and expression to what is already learned

48
Q

medial PFC - brains fear circuit

A

works with amygdala, important for learning and controlling for fears
extinguishing fear

49
Q

general risk factors for GAD

A

behavioural inhibition
neuroticism
attention to threat
negative bias

50
Q

behavioural inhibition - GAD

A

tendency to become distressed and withdraw when faced with novel situation

51
Q

neuroticism - GAD

A

tendency to experience frequent and intensive negative affect
increases risk for future anxiety and depression

52
Q

attention to threat - GAD

A

paying more attention to negative cues in environment

53
Q

negative bias - GAD

A

interpreting of neutral stimuli as negative

54
Q

risk factors for SAD

A

2 factor theory
negative self evaluations
catastrophizing
monitoring performance

55
Q

negative self evaluations - SAD

A

negative view of self, and of what might happen

56
Q

monitoring performance - SAD

A

feeds into reinforcing cycle, interferes with performance in social interactions

57
Q

risk factors for panic disorder

A

2 factory theory
physiological factors
triggers

58
Q

physiological factors - panic disorder

A

noradrenaline is attention related,
stress triggers noradrenaline release - increase activity of SNS
increases likelihood of having panic attack
drugs increase noradrenaline cause panic attacks

59
Q

triggers for panic disorder

A

situations which induce symptoms and internal states

60
Q

interpretation of physical symptoms - panic attacks

A

states of breathlessness

61
Q

triggers for agoraphobia

A

exteroceptive (places) rather than interoceptive (bodily states)

62
Q

risk factors for GAD

A

generalised distress and worry
strong association with MDD
intolerance of uncertainty - worry more
reinforcing properties of worry - distracts from real and intense emotions

63
Q

behavioural treatment for phobias

A

exposure therapy, start with manageable task and increase intensity
- prevent safety behaviours

64
Q

cognitive treatment for phobias

A

challenging beliefs about fear and possible damage
- build coping abilities, prevent fear of consequence

65
Q

CBT approach for GAD

A

relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, mindfulness

66
Q

GAD - relaxation training

A

accesses interaction of physiology and psych
learning to relax self (muscles etc)

67
Q

GAD - cognitive restructuring

A

reduce catastrophizing and discuss realistic consequences
reduce negative bias
decrease time spent worrying

68
Q

GAD - mindfulness

A

being in the present

69
Q

response rate of CBT on ADs

A

~50%

69
Q

anxiolytics

A

drugs which reduce anxiety

70
Q

main types of AD medication

A

benzodiazepines (valium, xanax)
antidepressants

71
Q

issues with benzodiazepines for ADs

A

induces tolerance so increase needed over time to maintain effects
can lead to dependence

TCD (17 decks)

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