Personality Disorders

Question 1

personality traits

Answer 1

openness
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism

Question 2

what are personality disorders

Answer 2

persistent patterns of emotions, cognitions, behaviours, that result in pervasive problems in personal and interpersonal functioning

Question 3

how many people are thought to have personality disorder

Answer 3

~10%

Question 4

clusters of PDs in DSM

Answer 4

odd/eccentric
dramatic/erratic
anxious/fearful

Question 5

examples of odd/eccentric PDs

Answer 5

paranoid
schizo
schizotypal

Question 6

examples of dramatic/erratic PDs

Answer 6

antisocial
borderline
histrionic
narcissistic

Question 7

examples of anxious/fearful PDs

Answer 7

avoidant
dependent
obsessive compulsive

Question 8

what are the features of avoidant personality disorder

Answer 8

extreme symptoms to opinions of other
highly avoidant to most interpersonal relationships
interpersonally anxious and fearful of rejection/criticism
low self esteem

Question 9

what is APD comorbid with

Answer 9

depression

Question 10

what are the views that one with APD may have

Answer 10

pervasive and strongly held view of inadequacy
immobilised by hypersensitivity to criticism

Question 11

what are the features of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Answer 11

perfectionism
preoccupation with rules, details, organising, lists, planning
excessive devotion to work
inflexible morals and values
relucutance to delegate
difficulty throwing things away

Question 12

OCD and OCPD

Answer 12

both marked by rigid, ritualised behaviours

Question 13

symptoms in OCD

Answer 13

ego-syntonic

Question 14

symptoms in OCPD

Answer 14

ego dystonic

Question 15

what are the features of dependent personality disorder

Answer 15

deep reliance on others
- fear of separation, clingy, submissive, feeling helpless when alone, need to be taken care of
difficulty asserting disagreement, denies thoughts that may displease others
reliance on others to make decisions
submission to unreasonable demands

Question 16

what are the features of paranoid personality disorder

Answer 16

pervasive mistrust and suspicion of others
hyper vigilance to possible exploitation
preoccupied with doubts of trustworthiness and suspicion
very reactive to perceived slights
bears grudges, constantly embroiled in conflict
often isolated

Question 17

what are the features of schizoid personality disorder

Answer 17

pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships
limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations
profound indifference to approval and criticism
not interested in pleasurable activities
tend to be socially isolated

Question 18

what are the features of schizotypal personality disorder

Answer 18

behaviour is eccentric (talks to self)
socially isolated, aloof, non emotional
highly suspicious of others
strange beliefs and theories
- ideas of reference, superstitious/magical thinking, illusions,
disorganised speech

Question 19

SCZ and STPD

Answer 19

similar but milder cognitive deficits, brain changes in STPD

Question 20

what are the features of antisocial personality disorders

Answer 20

“sociopathy/psychopathy”
violation of rights of others
irresponsible, aggressive, impuslive, deceitful behaviours
lack of conscience, empathy, remorse
may be charming and manipulative
law breaking is common
associated with childhood adversity

Question 21

APD and under arousal hypothesis

Answer 21

lower autonomic arousal to aversive stimulation
lower fear response
less involvement in emotions of others

Question 22

what are the features of narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 22

exaggerated and unreasonable sense of self importance
preoccupation with receiving attention
lack of compassion for others
highly sensitive to criticism
envious and arrogant

Question 23

what are the features of borderline personality disorder

Answer 23

unstable moods (switching from adoration to contempt)
fear of abandonment
hate being alone
impulsivity
- self mutilation, suicidal gestures and threats, gambling, sexual risk taking
poor self image
depressive

Question 24

prevalence of BPD in clinical settings

Answer 24

20%

Question 25

genetics and BPD

Answer 25

> 50%

Question 26

environmental influences on BPD

Answer 26

related to high rates of trauma and abuse, but my be accounted for by genetics which creates unstable environment

Question 27

brain regions and APD

Answer 27

more reactive amygdala
less inhibition in PFC

Question 28

functional impairment and BPD

Answer 28

BPD more associated than depression

Question 29

why is it difficult to treat PD

Answer 29

paranoia
distrusting
think they know better
hesitant to do difficult sessions

Question 30

psychotherapy & occupational therapy

Answer 30

increase awareness of negative beliefs
try to challenge maladaptive ideas

Question 31

which therapy is used for BPD

Answer 31

dialectical behaviour therapy
- find balance between acceptance and change
- emotional regulation, coping, mindfulness

Question 32

which medications are used for STPD

Answer 32

antipsychotics

Question 33

which medications are used for APD

Answer 33

antidepressants and ERP

Question 34

what are the problems with DSM diagnoses

Answer 34

assessment practices are poor
PDs are not stable over time
PDs are highly comorbid

Question 35

reliability of assessment of PDs

Answer 35

questionable - antisocial, obsessive compulsive disorders
reliable - borderline

Question 36

comorbidity rates with personality disorders

Answer 36

~50% meet criteria for another personality disorders