Schizophrenia

Question 1

what is psychosis

Answer 1

grossly impaired reality testing

Question 2

which disorder is characterised by primary psychosis

Answer 2

schizophrenia

Question 3

which disorders occur with secondary psychosis

Answer 3

bipolar disorder
substance use
neurological conditions
depression

Question 4

DSM criteria for schizophrenia

Answer 4

delusions
hallucinations
disorganised speech
disorganised or catatonic behaviour
negative symtptoms

Question 5

how many criteria must one have for SCZ diagnosis

Answer 5

2 or more
but must feature
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganised speech

Question 6

how long must SCZ be ongoing for diagnosis

Answer 6

greater than 6 months

Question 7

what are negative symptoms of SCZ

Answer 7

diminished emotional expression or motivation

Question 8

what are the positive symptoms

Answer 8

hallucinations and delusions

Question 9

what is a hallucination

Answer 9

sensory perception in absence of corresponding external or somatic symptoms

Question 10

do hallucinations have insight

Answer 10

they can or they can not

Question 11

examples of hallucinations

Answer 11

visual
auditory
olfactory
tactile
gustatory

Question 12

which are the most common SCZ hallucinations and examples

Answer 12

auditory
- hearing thoughts spoken out loud
- multiple voices speaking to you
- non verbal sounds

Question 13

what are delusions

Answer 13

false believe based on incorrect inference about external reality that is firmly held despite what constitutes as incontrovertible and obvious proof/evidence to the contrary

Question 14

do delusion have insight

Answer 14

no

Question 15

what are delusions of reference

Answer 15

believe that someone on radio/tv is talking to scz directly, who has special awareness of them

Question 16

what are persecutory delusions

Answer 16

that someone is out to get you, harm you

Question 17

what are grandiose delusions

Answer 17

that you have special powers, play an important, huge role in saving planet etc

Question 18

what are erotomanic delusions

Answer 18

where people are entangled in romantic relationships with someone they’ve never met

Question 19

what are somatic delusions

Answer 19

fixed and firm beliefs about bodily symptoms, metal in blood etc

Question 20

what are thought insertion delusions

Answer 20

idea that someone has put thoughts in your head

Question 21

what is loose association

Answer 21

incoherence in linking ideas

Question 22

what are neologisms

Answer 22

words that do not exist

Question 23

what are metonyms

Answer 23

words which are related but not correct

Question 24

what is flight of ideas

Answer 24

comes out incomprehensibly, too fast

Question 25

what is echolalia

Answer 25

meaningless repetition of someones words

Question 26

what is disorganised behvaiour

Answer 26

behaviour which is not typical of a persons culture or inappropriate to context it takes place in

Question 27

outcomes of disorganised behvaiour

Answer 27

decline in daily functioning, hygiene inappropriate or unusual emotional responses dressing in odd manner catatonia

Question 28

what is catatonia

Answer 28

muscular rigidity stupor repeated gesturing flailing unusal postures

Question 29

what is avolition/apathy

Answer 29

lack of motivation or interest in things

Question 30

what is asociality

Answer 30

social withdrawal, tend to spend time alone

Question 31

what is anhedonia

Answer 31

inability to find pleasure in things

Question 32

what is alogia

Answer 32

poverty of speech does not talk

Question 33

what is a blunted affect

Answer 33

lack of outward expression of emotion

Question 34

lifetime prevalence of SCZ

Answer 34

0.7%

Question 35

SCZ and sex differences

Answer 35

men - 1.4 women - 1

Question 36

what is peak age of onset of SCZ

Answer 36

~25 (slightly later in women)

Question 37

theories on why SCZ appears later in women

Answer 37

having children may explain gap in development secondary bump in psychological symptoms happens in menopause

Question 38

how long do symptoms last after first psychotic episode before medical attention

Answer 38

avg 1 year

Question 39

what occurs in the prodromal phase

Answer 39

odd behaviours subtle negative symptoms

Question 40

what occurs in the acute phase

Answer 40

positive symptoms negative symptoms remissions relapses

Question 41

what occurs in the final phase

Answer 41

poor social functioning negative symptoms cognitive symptoms

Question 42

who was emile kraepelin

Answer 42

one of the founders of scientific psychiatry distinguished 2 forms of psychosis

Question 43

what were Kraepelin's forms of psychosis

Answer 43

dementia praecox manic depression

Question 44

what is dementia praecox

Answer 44

progressive neurodegenerative disease

Question 45

what does dementia praecox result in

Answer 45

irreversible loss of cognitive function - hallucinations arise

Question 46

what is manic depression

Answer 46

alternation between depression and manic psychosis

Question 47

who proposed the term schizophrenia

Answer 47

paul eugen bleuler

Question 48

what did paul eugen bleuler want to emphasise

Answer 48

the loss of normal relational linages between thoughts, misattributions to wrong sources, disconnection in brain, mental confusion

Question 49

what did paul eugen bleuler characterise SCZ as

Answer 49

a breaking of associative threads

Question 50

which neurotransmitter's hyperactivity is associated with psychosis

Answer 50

dopamine

Question 51

how do antipsychotic medications help SCZ

Answer 51

reduce dopamine

Question 52

how do amphetamines work in patients with SCZ

Answer 52

amplify SCZ symptoms

Question 53

what are the issues with the model of dopamine dysregulation in explaining SCZ

Answer 53

does not account for the array or heterogeneity of SCZ symptoms

Question 54

what neuro activity are negative symptoms associated with

Answer 54

hypo-activity of dopamine neurons in prefrontal cortex

Question 55

what are changes in SCZ brains over time

Answer 55

enlargement of ventricles thinning of cortex mostly in PFC

Question 56

what functions does the PFC control

Answer 56

decision making working memory reasoning judgement goal directed behaviour top down control over impulses

Question 57

what happens when grey matter is reduced

Answer 57

fewer neurons

Question 58

SCZ and synaptic pruning

Answer 58

overzealous pruning due to issues in evalauting information based on evidence

Question 59

what is predictive coding theory

Answer 59

how the brain functions in a bayesian way how people establish beliefs about world and updates beliefs when new information is acquired

Question 60

what is prediction error

Answer 60

represents a mismatch between what we expect and what happens

Question 61

which neurotransmitter is foundational for prediction error

Answer 61

dopamine

Question 62

SCZ and predictive coding

Answer 62

SCZ patients overweight evidence in favour of beliefs, and underweight evidence contrary

Question 63

pre-pulse inhibition and SCZ

Answer 63

do no reduce startle when given a warning

Question 64

how heritable is SCZ

Answer 64

80%

Question 65

environmental risk factors for SCZ

Answer 65

birth complications prenatal exposure to infection adolescent drug use early cognitive deficits low SES early trauma and abuse

Question 66

what is the social selection hypothesis

Answer 66

SCZ leads people to earn less and other socioeconomic indicators

Question 67

medications for SCZ - names

Answer 67

neuroleptics (antipsychotics)

Question 68

which receptors do conventional antipsychotics act on

Answer 68

dopamine 2 receptors

Question 69

conventional antipsychotics and efficacy

Answer 69

effective for positive symptoms and disorganisation more severe side effects

Question 70

side effects of conventional antipsychotics

Answer 70

blurred vision tremors, lip smacking sexual dysfunction

Question 71

2nd gen antipsychotics

Answer 71

weight gain sedation

Question 72

2nd gen antipsychotics efficacy

Answer 72

better on negative symptoms

Question 73

how does social skills training help SCZ

Answer 73

improves functionality

Question 74

how does CBT help SCZ

Answer 74

manages negative symptoms and stress

Question 75

how does family therapy and psycheducation help SCZ

Answer 75

improves level of support and understanding but not a cure

Question 76

rates of crime and SCZ

Answer 76

2x bigger in SCZ than general population SCZ 14x more likely to be victim

Question 77

typical applicant of not guilty by reason of insanity defence

Answer 77

SCZ patients

Question 78

what are the conditions of NGRI defence

Answer 78

should not be held responsible is attribute to disorder which - did not know nature / quality of act - did not know they were doing something wrong - unable to refrain from committing act

Question 79

SCZ and NGRI

Answer 79

did not know nature or quality of act

Question 80

ID and NGRI

Answer 80

did not know nature or quality did not know they were doing something wrong

Question 81

john hickey jr

Answer 81

tried to assassinate ronald reagin in 1981 - because in love with jodie foster, wanted to impress her - found NGRI, institutionalised for 35 years