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AP World > AP Exam Unit 4 > Flashcards

AP Exam Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What made the connection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres possible?

A

Transoceanic voyages

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2
Q

What made transoceanic coections possible?

A

Technological innovations

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3
Q

Changes in long distance trade (2)

A
  1. Global circulation of some commodities

2. Formation of ew regional markets ad financial centers

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4
Q

Increased trasregional ad global trade networks facilitated the spread of (3)

A

Religion
Culture
Migration

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5
Q

What was the effect of the germs carried to the Americas?

A

Ravaged indigenous populations

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6
Q

What did the global exchange of crops ad animals alter? (3)

A

Agriculture
Diets
Populations

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7
Q

Describe the degree of global interconnectedness after 1500 compared to before 1500

A

The world was more interconnected – The Eastern and Western Hemispheres were connected by transoceanic voyages

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8
Q

How didi the global trade network affect the pre existing regional trade networks (Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, trans-Saharan, Silk Roads)?

A

There was an intensification that brought prosperity and economic disruption to the merchants and goverments in the trading regions

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9
Q

Where did Europeans make technological developments? (2)

A

Cartography

Navigation

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10
Q

What new tools were produced? (2)

A

Astrolabe

Revised maps

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11
Q

What was an innovation in ship design?

A

Caravel

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12
Q

What did they gain an improved understanding of?

A

Global wind and current patterns

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13
Q

Where did these development originate?

A

Knowledge developed in the classical Islamic and Asian world

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14
Q

Where did official Chiese maritime activity expand into?

A

Indian Ocean

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15
Q

Who led these naval voyage?

A

Zheng He

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16
Q

What was the purpose of these voyages?

A

Enhance Chinese prestige

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17
Q

What did the Portugese goverment do to support navigation?

A

Built a school for navigation

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18
Q

Where did the Portugese increasingly trade and travel to?

A

West Africa

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19
Q

What was the result of Portugese expeditions?

A

They became a global trading post empire

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20
Q

Who sponsored the firsdt Colombian voyages?

A

Spanish

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21
Q

What affect did Colombus’ voyages have on Europeans?

A

Increased their interest in transoceanic travel and trade

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22
Q

What originally motivated Europeans to travel across the northern Atlantic?

A

Crossings for fishing ad settlements – wanted to find another route to Asia

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23
Q

What facilitated the ew global circulation of goods?

A

Royal chartered European monology companies

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24
Q

How did these companies afford to purchase Asian goods in the Atlantic markets?

A

They took silver from Spanish Colonies in the the Americas

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25
What was the affect on regional markets in Afro Eurasia
They continued to flourish by using established commercial practices ad new trasoceanic shippig services
26
What new finanical system made new scales of trade possible
Royal chartered European monopoly companies
27
What was the role of European merchants role in Asian trade?
Transporting goods from once Asia country to another market in Asia or the Indian Ocean region
28
What was the commercialization and the creation of a global economy itimatedly conected to?
New global circulation of silver from the Americas
29
What new mercantilist financial system developed to facilitate global trade?
Joint stock companies
30
What were joint stock companies used for?
To control their domestic and colonial economies
31
What were the economic affects of the Altantic trading system?
Movement of goods, wealth, and free ad unfree laborers
32
What were the social affects of the Atlantic trading system?
Mixig of Africa, American, and European cultures and peoples
33
What were the unintentional biological effects of the Colombian Exchange? (2)
Spread of diseases | Transfer of vermin
34
What diseases spread? (3)
Small pox Measles Influeza
35
What were some vermin transfered? (2)
Mosquitoes | Rats
36
What American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, ad Africa? (3)
Potatoes Maize Manioc
37
What were primary cash crops grown on American plantations? (2)
Sugar | Tobacco
38
Where were these cash crops transproted to? (2)
Europe | Middle East
39
What labor system made this transfer possible?
Coerced labor
40
What foods were brought to the Americas by African slaves? (2)
Orka | Rice
41
What Afro Eurasian animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas? (3)
Horses Pigs Cattle
42
What effects did American food crops hae on the diet of Afro Eurasian?
Populations benefitted nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops
43
How did settlers' actions affect the Americas evironmetally? (2)
Deforestation | Soil depletion
44
How did the Colombian Exchange affect the spread of religions? (2)
Expanded the spread and reform of existing relgions Created syncretic belief systems and practices
45
What happened as Islam spread to new settings in Asia and Africa?
Believers adapted it to local cultural practices
46
What increasingly diversified Christianity? (2)
Process and diffusion | Reformation
47
Where did Buddhism spread?
Asia
48
Forms of syncretic relgions (3)
Vondun - Caribbean Cult of Saints - Latin America Sikhism - South Asia
49
What happened as merchants profits increased?
Governmets colleted more taxes
50
What did these taxes fund?
Visual and preforming arts
51
How did public literacy develop?
Expanded -- accompanied by the proliferation of popular authors, literary forms, ad works of literature
52
How did artistic forms develop?
There were innovation in both
53
What did the worlds productive systems continue to be heavily centered on?
Agricultural production
54
What changes in agriculture occured? (4)
Labor Location of manufacturing Gender and social structures Environmental process
55
Why did agricultural productivity surge? (2)
New methods of crop and field rotation Introduction of new crops
56
What happened to merchants social status?
Their social status rose
57
What happened to demographic growth in the Americas?
The previously ravaged populations were restored
58
What resulted from the global demand for raw materials and finished products? (3)
Traditional peasant agriculture increased ad changed Plantations expanded Demand for labor increased
59
How was peasant labor affected?
``` It intensified (Frontier settlements in Russian Siberia, cotton textile productio in India, silk textile production in China) ```
60
Continuity in slavery in Africa (2)
Traditional incorportation of slavers into households Export of slaves to the Mediterraean and Indian Ocean
61
What caused the Atlantic slave trade to increase so dramatically?
The growth of the plantation economy
62
What forms of coerced labor did colonial economies in the Americas depend on? (4)
1. Chattel slavery 2. Indentured servitude 3. Encomienda and Hacienda 4. Spanish adaptation of the Incan mita system
63
What contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites?
Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities
64
New political and economic elites (4)
``` Manchus (China) Creole elites (Spanish America) European gentry Commerical entrepreneurs (all major port cities) ```
65
How did pre existing politcal and economic elites react to these changes?
Their power fluctuated
66
Existing politcal and economic elites (3)
Zamindars (Mughal) Nobility (Europe) Daimyo (Japan)
67
What dimished the power of these elites?
Increasingly powerful monarchs
68
How were gender and family structures affected by the African slave trade (2)?
Dependece of European men on Southeast Asia women for conducting trade in taht region Smaller size of European families
69
What did the massive demographic changes in the Americas result in?
New ethnic and racial classifications
70
New ethnic and racial classifications (3)
Mestizo Mulatto Creole
71
Difficulties of empires in this period (2)
Incorportating diverse subjects Administering widely dispersed territories
72
In Africa and the greater Indian Ocean, new European empires consisted mainly of what?
Interconnected trading post and enclaves
73
Creation of European empires in the Americas fostered what?
New Atlantic trading system that included the tras Atlantic slave trade
74
What did empires and states pursue startegies of?
Centralization
75
How did empire and states attempt centralization?
More effecient tax systems
76
What was the effect of these new tax systems?
Strains on peasants that prompted rebellions
77
How did rulers use public displays of art and architecture?
To legitimize state power
78
What was the effect of changes in African and global trading patterns?
Strengthening of some West and Central African states (and rise of new states on the coast)
79
Where did states decline in Africa? (2)
Coast | Interior
80
How did politcal rulers legitimize their power? (6)
1. Visual displays 2. Relgious ideas 3. Limited ability of ethnic groups to challenge the state 4. Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites 5. Development of military professionals 6. Tribute collection
81
Visual displays of politcal power (3)
Monumental architecture Urban plans Coutly literature
82
Continued use of religion of legitimize rule (4)
``` Divine right (Europe) Shiism (Safavid) Human sacrifice (Aztec) Promotion of Islam (Songhay) Confucian rituals (China) ```
83
How were ethnic anad religious minorites treated in various empires?
Ways that utilized their economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge that authority of the state
84
States policies toward ethnic groups which utilized their economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge that authority of the state (3)
Ottoman treated of non Muslim subjects Manchu policy toward Chinese Spanish creation of a seperate Republica de Indios
85
How did rulers make sure that their governments were well run?
Recuitment of bureaucratic elites and military professionals
86
Recuitment of bureaucratic elites/military professionals (3)
Ottoman devshirme Chinese examination Salaried samurai
87
How did rulers finance their territorial expansion? (2)
Tribute collection | Tax farming
88
What did imperial expansion rely on in this era? (3)
Gunpowder Cannons Armed trade
89
WHere did European establish new trading post empires? (2)
Africa and Asia
90
Which land empires expanded dramatically in size? (4)
Manchus Mughals Ottomans Russians
91
Which empires established new maritime empires in the Americas? (4)
``` Portugal Spain Netherlands France Britian ```
92
What obstables to empire building did empires confront and how did they respond to these changes? (3)
Competition over trade routes State rivalries Local resistance
93
Competition over trade routes (2)
Omani-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean | Piracy in the Caribbean
94
State rivalries (2)
Thirty Years War | Ottoman Safavid conflict
95
Location resistance (1)
Bread riots

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