AP PSYCH Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with emotions of lust and rage are inherited?
A
Evolutionary
2
Q
Akira believes that her son has become a good student because she always praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates what kind of perspective?
A
behavioral
3
Q
a theoretical perspective in psychology can be like a 2D view of 3D object because each perspective is…
A
Limited in its scope
4
Q
Dr. Wilcox conducts basic research on the behavioral differences between shy and outgoing people, Dr. Wilcox is most likely what kind of psychologist?
A
Personality psychologist
5
Q
Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?
A
biological
6
Q
Charles Darwin believed that behaviors, such as the emotional expressions associated with human rage, could be explained by natural selection. Which early psychologist would be most likely to agree with Darwin’s assessment?
A
William James
7
Q
Mr. Kay is interested in whether individual differences affect learning. Mr. Kay is most likely what kind of psychologist?
A
educational psychologist
8
Q
Dr. Mills conducts research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. What specialty area does his research best represent?
A
social psychology
9
Q
functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on what?
A
adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions
10
Q
Arguments as to whether psychological differences between men and women result from biological or social influences most clearly involve a debate over the issue of what?
A
nature vs. nurture
11
Q
Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on the systematic changes in intelligence associated with aging. It is most likely that Dr. Winkle is what type of psychologist?
A
Developmental
12
Q
Depression is an illness that may be related to chemical imbalances in the brain, illogical thinking, and impaired social skills. What does this illustrate?
A
Biopsychosocial approach
13
Q
Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. What does this illustrate?
A
Social-cultural psychology
14
Q
In explaining human behavior, psychoanalysts are likely to focus on ___________, whereas humanistic psychologists concentrate on ____________.
A
- Childhood experiences and unconscious thought process
- current environmental influences on potential
15
Q
Does this have to do with nature vs. nurture? Depression is a disorder of the brain and thought
A
YES
16
Q
The psychological manner in which people encode, process, store, and retrieve information
A
Cognition
17
Q
Research participants who carefully observe and report their immediate reactions and feelings in response to different musical sounds are using the method known as what?
A
Introspection
18
Q
The behavioral perspective is most likely to emphasize the importance of what?
A
Observable responses
19
Q
Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband’s angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. What perspective is she looking at her husband with?
A
Psychodynamic
20
Q
Which approach is most directly concerned with assessing the relative impact of both nature and nurture on our psychological traits?
A
Biopsychosocial
21
Q
Who would most likely emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?
A
Sigmund Freud
22
Q
Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?
A
Cognitive
23
Q
Wilhelm Wundt’s lab work involved experimental studies of what?
A
Sensory Stimulation
24
Q
Mr. Christian has designed a camera with buttons that are easy to reach and see. What is Mr. Christian engaged in?
A
Applied Research
25
Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?
Behavioral
26
Working in a community mental health center, Dr. Thatcher treats adults who suffer from severe depression. What kind of psychologist is Dr. Thatcher?
Clinical Psychologist
27
Which philosopher is most well known for theorizing that the mind at birth is tabula rasa, or a "blank slate"?
John Locke
28
Alexandra is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Belinda is told that the esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research. Both women consider the findings to be common sense. What does this illustrate the power of?
Hindsight bias
29
According to Emily's grandfather. Adolf Hitler's obvious emotional instability made it clear from the beginning days of his international conflicts that Germany would inevitably lose WWII, what does her grandfather's claim best illustrate?
Hindsight Bias
30
Formulating testable hypotheses before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error known as what?
Hindsight Bias
31
When we see certain outcomes as obvious based on what has occurred, what may we be experiencing?
Hindsight Bias
32
The news media reported that a new pesticide was not harmful to humans. What statement exemplifies critical thinking in response to this report?
"I wonder who funded this study?"
33
Professor Shalet contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. What is this idea best described by?
Theory
34
Dr. Roberts hypothesized that students in a classroom seating 30 would get higher course grades than students seated in an auditorium seating 300. What happened with the classroom size?
Classroom size has been operationally defined
35
An experiment was designed to study the potential impact of alcohol consumption on emotional stability. A specification of the procedures used to measure emotional stability illustrates what?
Operational Definition
36
The process of replication is most likely facilitated by what?
Operational Definition
37
Which research method is typically used to examine one participant in depth, usually because the individual's situation/behavior is rare or unusual?
Case Study
38
The complete set of cases from which samples may be drawn from is called?
Population
39
Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. What is he most clearly engaged in?
Naturalistic observation
40
What does a correlation coefficient measure?
Direction and strength of the relationship between 2 variables
41
If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages vs. poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are correlated how?
Negatively
42
What has the strongest degree of relationship?
-0.67
43
The King James Version of the Bible was completed when William Shakespeare was 46 years old. In Psalm 46 of this translation, the 46th word is "Shake", and the 46th word from the end is "Spear". Before concluding that the biblical translators were trying to be humorous with these specific word placements, you would be best advised to recognize the danger of what?
Perceiving order in coincidental events
44
In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep 4or 8 hours on each of 3 consecutive nights. This research is the result of what?
Experiment
45
Researchers are interested in studying the impact of drugs on human fetuses. In this case, why would a correlation study be more appropriate than an experiment?
Because the participants could not be ethically assigned to an experimental or control condition
46
When both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo
Double-Blind procedure
47
When Mr. Adams calculated his student's algebra test scores, he noticed that 2 students had extremely low scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by scores of these 2 students?
Mean
48
What measures the degree of variation among a set of events?
Scatterplot
49
Which measure of variation is most affected by extreme scores?
Range
50
What does the effect size of research findings tell you that statistical significance does not?
The magnitude of the finding
51
When the observed difference between the means of an experimental group and control group are not likely due to chance,researchers conclude that this difference is what?
Statistically Significant
52
A soft drink company recently invested in a new advertising campaign ti increase sales. What would they do to allow executives to best judge the results of their latest commercials?
Compare the means of the sales before and after the beginning of the new campaign to determine statistical significance
53
The enduring traditions, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a large group of people
Culture
54
Researchers have found that men and women learn to walk at about the same age, experience the same sensations of light, and exhibit similar overall intelligence; these support the idea of what?
The same underlying process guide people everywhere
55
What defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation?
In formed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing
56
A researcher who gathers and analyzes data from student essay test response with out talking with the students about the study violates which ethical principal of human experimentation?
Informed consent
57
Nerve cells in the brain receive life-supporting nutrients and insulating myelin from?
Glial Cells
58
After Kato's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Kato is most likely going to have difficulty doing what?
Playing his guitar
59
Direct stimulation of the motor cortex would most likely to result in what?
Movement of the mouth and lips
60
Which of the following is the component of the limbic system that plays an essential role in the processing of new memories?
Hippocampus
61
Botulin is a poison with a molecular structure so similar to acetycholine that it blocks the effects of ACH in synapses, making it what kind of molecule?
Antagonist
62
Why is it incorrect to say that 50% heritability of intelligence means that the cause of your intelligence is 50% genetic and 50% environmental?
Because heritability accounts for variations among people, not in specific individuals
63
What are epinephrine and noeprinephrine released by?
Adrenal glands
64
What body system are hormones the chemical messengers for?
Endocrine System
65
Information is most quickly transmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by what?
Corpus Callosum
66
The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by what?
Myelin Sheath
67
Adopted children are more likely to demonstrate levels of agreeableness and extraversion more similar to that of their biological parents than their adoptive parents. What does this finding suggest about personality traits?
Traits are more strongly influenced by genes than by the home environment
68
A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus is what?
Reflex
69
The secretions of the pituitary gland are most directly regulated by what?
Hypothalamus
70
Your conscious awareness of your own name and self-identity depends primarily on the normal functioning of your what?
Cerebral Cortex
71
The master gland of the endocrine system
Pituitary Gland
72
The reproductive advantage enjoyed by organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as what?
Natural Selection
73
Your life would be most immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of what?
Medulla
74
An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to what?
Depression
75
Your ability to experience the physical pleasure of a hot shower is most likely to be disrupted by damage to the what?
Thalamus
76
What is the best way to detect large fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia?
MRI
77
The strengthening of synaptic connections facilitates the formation of what?
Neural Networks
78
Twin studies suggest that strong influence on emotional instability comes from what?
Genetic predispositions
79
prozac, a drug prescribed to treat depression, prevents the sending neuron from taking in excess serotonin. What process is taking place?
Reuptake
80
Reabsoption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by sending neuron
Reuptake
81
As you are reading this question, the cells in your eyes are firing in response to the light coming from this paper. Which type of neuron is carrying this message to the brain?
Sensory neuron
82
A picture of a dog id briefly flayed in the left visual field of a split-brained patient. At the same time a picture of a boy is flashed in the right visual field. In identifying what she saw, the patient would be most likely to do what?
Verbally report that he saw a boy
83
To be able to run, what must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles?
Motor Neurons
84
Within a single neuron the action potential does what?
Travels in one direction toward the axon terminals
85
People have always responded so positively to Alyssa's good looks that she has developed a socially confident and outgoing personality. What does this illustrate?
The interaction of nature vs. nurture
86
The depolarization of a neural membrane can create what?
Action Potential
87
The peripheral nervous system is to sensory neurons as the central nervous system is to what?
Interneurons
88
Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as what?
Endorphins
89
Complete set of genetic material in an organism's chromosomes
Genome
90
The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
Threshold
91
The brains of patients with Parkinson's disease have little dopamine. Drugs used to treat such patients bind to dopamine receptors, thereby stimulating those receptors. These drugs would be considered what?
Agonists
92
The somatic nervous system is apart of what nervous system?
Peripheral nervous system
93
If a blind person uses one finger to read braille, the brain area dedicated to that finger expands as the sense of touch invades the visual cortex. What is this an example of?
Brain Plasticity
94
Jose has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. What is the cause of this?
Endorphins
95
Evolutionary psychologists emphasize that environmentally adaptive behaviors are those that have prompted what?
Reproductive success
96
Which statement best reflects current psychology's understanding of the relationship between nature and nurture?
Nature via Nurture
97
Someone trying to figure out an optical illusion is probably experiencing increased brain waves and bloodflow to which brain structure?
Right Hemisphere
98
The home environment most clearly has a greater influence on a children's ___________ than on their _____________.
Religious beliefs; personality traits
99
What is the order of DNA/chromosome/Genes; smallest to largest?`
Genes, DNA, chromosomes
100
The most extensive regions of the cerebral cortex, which enable learning and memory are called what?
Association Areas
101
What is the function of the dendrites?
Receive incoming signals from other neurons
102
Why was Sheelah able to jerk her hand out of the scalding water before sensing the pain?
Because a withdrawal reflex was activated by interneurons in her spinal cord
103
An accelerated heartbeat is to a slowed heartbeat as the ___________ nervous system is to the ____________ nervous system.
- sympathetic
| - parasympathetic
104
While you are hiking in the mountains, a rattlesnake slithers across your trail. What triggers the "fight-or-flight" response, increasing your heart rate and blood pressure as you run away?
Sympathetic nervous system
105
one of the 3 major concerns of developmental psychology centers around the issue of what?
Continuity or stages
106
Humanlike features start to development around 9 weeks after conception. What is the developing human called at this point?
Fetus
107
The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome demonstrate that alcohol is a what?
Teratogen
108
Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus to which one is repeatedly exposed
Habituation
109
The immaturity of an infant's nervous system is best demonstrated by its limited what?
Neural Networks
110
Which psychologist was most influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development?
Jean Piaget
111
In recognizing the inaccuracies of one's own ethnic stereotypes and revising his or her beliefs, an individual most clearly illustrates the process of what?
Accommodation
112
According to Piaget, what is egocentrism?
The difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view
113
5 year olds who were surprised to discover that a Band-Aids box contained pencils were able to anticipate their friends false belief about the contents of the box. This best illustrates that the children had developed what?
Theory of Mind
114
Gilbert notices that his sausage is sliced into 6 pieces, whereas his brother's is sliced into 9 pieces. He understands, however, his brother's sausage is not actually any larger than his own. What stage of development is he in?
Concrete Operational
115
Studies of monkeys raised with artificial mothers suggest that mother-infant emotional bonds result primarily from mothers providing infants with what?
Body Contact
116
Lambs raised in the barn where the cattle are kept tend to stay near the cattle when subsequently placed in open pasture. What does this best illustrate?
Imprinting
117
1 year old Eunice is not overly fearful of strangers but she clearly prefers being held by her mother than by anyone else. What does this best illustrate?
Secure Attachment
118
Questions about the extent to which secure attachments are influenced by infant temperament or by responsive parenting are most directly relevant to the issue of what?
Nature vs. Nurture
119
Dimitri is a typical 6 month old. When he looks into a mirror what is he most likely to do?
Reach toward the image as if it were another child
120
The McDouglas use harsh discipline on their children and demand unquestioning obedience. Psychologists are likely to characterize the McDouglas as what kind of parents?
Authoritarian
121
The acquisition of traditional masculine or feline role is called what?
Gender Typing
122
A stimulating environment is most likely to facilitate the development of a child's what?
Neural connections
123
Children's English accents are more likely to be influenced by whom?
Peers rather than parents
124
Cognitive development is to Jean Piaget as moral development is to whom?
Kohlberg
125
Preconventional morality is to postconventional morality as _______________ is to _________________
- Self Interest
| - Ethical Principles
126
According to Erikson, infancy is to trust as adolescence is to what?
Identity
127
Judson is a 70 year old retired car mechanic. What is he more able to do now?
Not catch colds
128
The ability to learn a new computer software program is to _______________ as to knowledge of capitals is to _______________.
- Fluid intelligence
| - Crystallized Intelligence
129
Abner, a 70 year old retired teacher, feels that his life has not been of any real value or significance. According to Erikson, Abner has failed to achieve a sense of what?
Integrity
130
Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are the most directly relevant to the issue of what?
Stability or change
131
Exceptionally inhibited and fearful infants tend to become introverted adolescents. This best illustrates the long term stability of what?
Temperament
132
Erik Erikson suggested that children with a secure attachment to their parents are especially likely to experience what?
Basic Trust
133
What must a child have to recognize his own face in the mirror?
Self-Concept
134
I f warmly supportive parents are especially likely to have children with high self-esteem, this would most clearly indicate what?
Warmly supportive parenting and children's self-esteem are correlated
135
Female children are most likely to act like tomboys if they were exposed to excess what during their prenatal development?
Testosterone
136
14 year old Lisa was asked, "What would happen if everyone in the world suddenly went blind?" She responded, "Those who were blind before would become leaders." What stage does Lisa's answer indicate that she is in?
Formal operational
137
According to Kohl erg, posts conventional morality involves what?
Affirmation of self-defined ethical principles
138
For Regis to think that it's wrong to drive over the speed limit simply because he might get punished for doing so is demonstrating what stage of Kohlberg's morality?
Pre conventional
139
Branden is so apathetic about his occupational future that within 2 years of his high school graduation he had already been fired by 4 different employers. According to Erikson, what does Branden best illustrate?
Role Confusion
140
Erikson suggested that the adolescents search for identity is followed by a developing capacity for what?
Intimacy
141
Adolescents are most likely to be influenced by their parents with respect to ______________, and they are most likely to be influenced by their peers with respect to ______________.
Career aspirations; clothing preferences
142
Physical abilities such as muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output reach their peak during what time period?
Early adulthood
143
20 year olds would most likely outperform 60 year olds on an art history exam in which they were asked to do what?
List as many famous artists as possible
144
The idea that adult intelligence declines with age has been challenged most effectively by what?
Longitudinal research
145
In order to qualify for the office managers job, 55 year old Mariel must take a series of psychological tests. Her performance on the test of _______________ is likely to be poorer than if she had taken it as a 25 year old
Abstract reasoning
146
Marie feels socially useful in her career as a financial investment advisor. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Marie experiences a sense of what?
Generativity
147
The conflicting results of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of aging and intelligence are of greates relevance to the issue of what?
Stability or change
148
The ability to simultaneously recognize the color, shape, and speed of an oncoming automobile best illustrates what?
Parallel processing
149
Young-Helmholtz Theory
The retina contains 3 kinds of color receptors
150
Which theory suggests that large fiber activity in the spinal cord can prevent pain signals from reaching the brain?
Gate-control theory
151
Fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses
Cochlea
152
The impact of top-down processing on the sense of touch is best illustrated by what?
The rubber hand illusion
153
When most people stare at a red square and then shift their eyes to a white surface, the afterimage of the square is what color?
Green
154
Movement of the hair cells along the basilar membrane initiates what?
Initiates transduction and the transmission of neural messages to the auditory cortex
155
Which cells for visual processing are located closest to the back of the retina?
Rods and cones
156
A cochlear implant would be most helpful for those who suffer what?
Sensorineural hearing loss
157
Which theory best explains how we perceive low-pitched sounds?
Frequency Theory
158
The ability to detect whether your body is in a horizontal or vertical position depends most directly on what?
Vestibular sense
159
Standing a top a mountain on an utterly dark, clear night, most of us would see a candle flame atop another mountain 30 miles away. What does this illustrate?
Absolute Threshold
160
Brightness is to light as ____________ is to sound
Loudness
161
During the months when there is a large amount of pollen in the air, your hay fever slightly affects your sense of smell. At the same time your food all seems to taste the same. What does this best illustrate?
Sensory interaction
162
The convergence of parallel lines provides the distance cue known as what?
Linear perspective
163
In response to a harmful stimulus, what initiates neural impulses leading to the sensation of pain?
Nociceptors
164
While singing to you on your birthday, your friends leave off the very last word of the song, your tendency to mentally fill in the last word best reflects what Gestalt principle?
Closure
165
What is a binocular cue for the perception of distance?
Retinal disparity
166
Depth perception that uses information transmitted to only one eye depends on what?
Monocular cues
167
One of the ways we perceive images is by organizing stimuli into an object seen against its surroundings. What is this perceptual tendency called?
Figure-ground
168
Taste and smell are both what kind of senses?
Chemical
169
Complete sensation in the absence of complete perception is best illustrated by what?
Prosopagnosia
170
What is the sequence of the structures that sound waves pass through on the way to the auditory nerve?
1. Eardrum
2. Hammer
3. Anvil
4. Stirrup
5. Cochlea
171
The organization of 2D retinal images into 3D perceptions is called what?
Depth perception
172
The quick succession of briefly flashed images in a motion picture produces what?
Stroboscopic movement
173
Brightness is to intensity as hue is to _____________.
Wavelength
174
Nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that fire in response to specific lines and angles
Feature detectors
175
As a door opens, it casts an increasingly trapezoidal shape on our retinas; however, we still perceive it as rectangular. What explains this phenomenon?
Shape constancy
176
What plays the biggest role in our feeling dizzy and unbaked after a thrilling roller coaster ride?
Semicircular canals
177
Sound wave vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in where?
Middle ear
178
The retina is to the eye as the ______________ is to the ear
Cochlea
179
The perceptual tendency to group together stimuli that are near each other is called what?
Proximity
180
The effect of prior experience and current expectations on perception best illustrates the importance of what?
Top-down processing
181
After listening to your high volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. What does this best illustrate?
Sensory adaptation
182
Experiencing a green afterimage of a red object is most easily explained by what?
The opponent-process theory
183
What is a gestalt best described as?
Organized whole
184
Which basic taste attracts us to protein-rich foods?
Umami
185
After a small section of his basilar membrane was damaged, Jason experienced a noticeable loss of hearing for high pitched sound only. What theory best describes his hearing loss?
Place theory
