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Palabras que confunden > apes 2.1-2.4 > Flashcards

apes 2.1-2.4 Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Ecosystem services

A

The processes by which life-supporting resources such as clean water, timber, fisheries, and agricultural crops are produced

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2
Q

Environmental indicator

A

An indicator that describes the current state of an environmental system (biodiversity, CO2 concentration, temperature, human population, resource depletion, etc.).

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3
Q

Per capita

A

Amount per each person in a country or unit of population

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4
Q

Sustainability

A

Living on Earth in a way that allows humans to use its resources without depriving future generations

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5
Q

Requirements for sustainability

A

Environmental systems must not be damaged beyond their ability to recover. Renewable resources must not be depleted faster than they can regenerate. Nonrenewable resources must be used sparingly.

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6
Q

Ecological footprint

A

A measure of how much an individual consumes, expressed in area of land

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7
Q

Disturbance

A

An event, caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents, resulting in changes in population size or community composition

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8
Q

Resistance

A

A measure of how much a disturbance can affect flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem

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9
Q

Resilience

A

The rate at which an ecosystem returns to its original state after a disturbance

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10
Q

Restoration ecology

A

The study and implementation of restoring damaged ecosystems

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11
Q

Watershed

A

All land in a given landscape that drains into a particular stream, river, lake, or wetland

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12
Q

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbance or more diverse than those w/ high or low disturbance levels

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13
Q

Species richness

A

The number of species in a given area

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14
Q

Species evenness

A

The relative proportion of individuals within the different species in a given area

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15
Q

Phylogeny

A

The branching pattern of evolutionary relationships

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16
Q

Phylogeny

A

The blanching pattern of evolutionary relationships

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17
Q

Evolution

A

A change in the genetic composition of a population over time

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18
Q

Microevolution

A

Evolution below the species level

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19
Q

Macroevolution

A

Evolution that gives rise to new species, genera, families, classes, or phyla

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20
Q

Gene

A

A physical location on the chromosomes within each cell of an organism

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21
Q

Genotype

A

The complete set of genes of an individual

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22
Q

Phenotype

A

A set of traits expressed by an individual

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23
Q

Mutation

A

A random change in the genetic code produced by a mistake in the copying process

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24
Q

Recombination

A

The genetic process by which one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome during reproductive cell division

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25
Evolution by artificial selection
The process in which humans determine which individuals breed, typically with a preconceived set of traits in mind
26
Evolution by natural selection
The process in which the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce
27
Fitness v. Adaptation
Fitness is an individual's ability to survive and reproduce, while adaptation is a trait that improves an individual's fitness
28
Gene flow
The process by which individuals move from one population to another and thereby alter the genetic composition of both populations
29
Genetic drift
A change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating
30
Bottleneck effect
A reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size
31
Extinction
The death of the last member of a species
32
Founder effect
A change in the genetic composition of a population as a result of descending from a small number of colonizing individuals
33
Range of tolerance
The limits to the abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate
34
Fundamental niche
The suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow, & reproduce
35
Realized niche
The range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives
36
Distribution
Areas of the world in which a species lives
37
Niche generalist
A species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions
38
Niche specialist
A species that is specialized to live in a specific habitat on a small group of species
39
Tragedy of the commons
The tendency of a shared, limited resource to become depleted if it's not regulated in some way
40
Externality
The cost or benefit of a good or service that isn't included in the purchase price of that good or service otherwise accounted for
41
Maximum sustainable yield (MSY)
The maximum amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested without compromising the future availability of that resource
42
Managed Resource Protected Areas
Open for the sustained use of biological, mineral, and recreational resources (mining, logging, road building)
43
Habitat or Species Management Area
Managed to maintain biological communities ex. through controlled fires
44
Strict Nature Reserves and Wilderness Areas
Protect species and ecosystems
45
Protected landscapes and seascapes
Combine the nondestructive use of natural resources with opportunities for tourism and recreation
46
National monuments
Greater benefit for natural environment through more protection but indigenous human populations are sometimes evicted
47
Resource conversation ethic
The belief that people should maximize use of resources, based on the greatest good for everyone
48
Multiple-use lands
A U.S. classification used to designate lands that may be used for recreation, grazing, timber harvesting, and mineral extraction
49
Threatened species
According to International Union for Conversation of Nature, species that have a high risk of extinction in the future
50
Near-threatened species
Species that are very likely to become threatened in the future
51
Least-concern species
Species that are widespread and abundant
52
Intrinsic v. Instrumental value
Value independent vs dependent to human benefits
53
Provision
Goods produced by ecosystems that humans can use directly
54
Regulating
Natural ecosystems help to regulate environmental conditions
55
Support
Natural ecosystems provide numerous support services that would be costly for humans to generate
56
Cultural
Ecosystems provide cultural or aesthetic benefits to many people
57
Why GDP isn't reliable
Only considers production - countries that produce more could use more resources which could lead to more environmental degradation
58
GPI
A measure of economic status that includes personal consumption, income distribution, levels of higher education, resource depletion, pollution, and the health of a population
59
Kuznets curve
As per capita income in a country increases, environmental degradation first increases and then decreases
60
Technology transfer
The phenomenon of less developed countries adopting technological innovations developed in wealthy countries
61
Leapfrogging
The phenomenon of less developed countries using new technology without first using the precursor technology
62
Natural capital
The resources of the planet, such as air, water, and minerals
63
Human capital
Human knowledge and abilities
64
Manufactured capital
All goods and infrastructure that humans produce
65
Market failure
When the economic system does not account for all costs
66
Environmental economics
A subfield of economics that examines the costs and benefits of various policies and regulations that seek to regulate or limit air and water pollution and other causes of environmental degradation
67
Ecological economics
The study of economics as a component of ecological systems. Attempt to assign monetary value to intangible benefits and natural capital
68
Valuation
The practice of assigning monetary value to intangible benefits and natural capital
69
Ecological succession
The predictable replacement of one group of species by another group over time
70
Primary succession
Ecological succession occurring on surfaces that are initially devoid of soil
71
Secondary succession
The succession of plant life that occurs in areas that have been disturbed but not lost soil
72
Pioneer species
A species that can colonize new areas rapidly and grow well in full sunshine
73
Climax community
Historically described as the final stage of succession

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