Palabras que confunden > Apes 4.1-4.3 > Flashcards

Apes 4.1-4.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Core

A

Innermost zone of Earth’s interior, mostly iron and nickel. Liquid outer layer and solid inner layer

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2
Q

Magma

A

Layer of Earth above the core, containing magma

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3
Q

Magma

A

Molten Rock

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4
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Layer of Earth located in the outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock

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5
Q

Lithosphere

A

The outermost layer of Earth, including the mantle and crust

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6
Q

Crust

A

Chemically distinct outermost layer of the lithosphere

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7
Q

Hot spot

A

A place where molten material from Earth’s mantle reaches the lithosphere

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8
Q

Plate tectonics

A

The theory that the lithosphere of Earth is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion over the underlying mantle

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9
Q

Tectonic cycle

A

The sum of the processes that build up and break down the lithosphere

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10
Q

Subduction

A

The process of one crustal plate passing under another

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11
Q

Convection

A

Movement within a fluid of hotter (less dense) material to rise and denser material to sink, leading to transfer of heat

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12
Q

Seafloor Spreading

A

Rising magma (from mantle) forms new oceanic crust as plates move away

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13
Q

Subduction

A

Oceanic plates slide under continental plate

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14
Q

Divergent plate boundary

A

Area beneath the ocean where tectonic plates move away rom each other

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15
Q

Convergent plate boundary

A

An area where plates move toward one another and collide

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16
Q

Transform fault boundary

A

An area where tectonic plates move sideways past each other

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17
Q

Fault

A

A fracture in rock caused by movement of Earth’s crust

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18
Q

Seismic activity

A

The frequency and intensity of earthquakes experienced over time

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19
Q

Fault zone

A

A large expanse of rock where a fault has occurred

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20
Q

How volcanoes form

A

As a plate moves over a geologic hot spot, heat from the rising mantle plume melts the crust

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21
Q

How mountains form

A

When two plates of equal density meet each other, they both get pushed up, forming mountains

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22
Q

Epicenter

A

The exact point on the surface of earth directly above the location where rock ruptures during an earthquake

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23
Q

Tsunami

A

A series of waves in the ocean caused by seismic activity or an undersea volcano

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24
Q

Igneous Rocks

A

Form directly from magma, either granite (more permeable) or balsatic (less permeable)

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25
Fractures
Cracks that occurs in rock as it cools
26
Sedimentary rocks
Forms when sediments are compressed by overlying sediments
27
Metamorphic Rocks
When sedimentary rock, igneous rock, or other metamorphic rock is subjected to high temp and pressure
28
Intrusive vs Extrusive Igneous rocks
Intrusive - form when magma rises and cools underground. Extrusive - forms when magma cools above surface of Earth
29
Soil
combination of geologic & organic matter
30
Physical Weathering
Mechanical breakdown of rocks & minerals
31
Acid Precipitation
Precipitation high in sulfuric and nitric acid from reactions between water vapor & sulfur/nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere
32
Chemical weathering
Breakdown of rocks & minerals by chemical reactions, and/or dissolving of chemical elements in rocks
33
Erosion
Physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem
34
Parent material
The underlying rock material from which the inorganic compounds of soil are derived
35
Topography
Surface slope & arrangement of landscape
36
O Horizon
Surface of many soils, composed or organic detritus in various stages of decomposition
37
Humus
Most fully decomposed organic matter in lowest section of O horizon
38
A horizon
Aka topsoil, mix of organic matter & minerals
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E horizon
Zone of eluviation - removal of minerals, nutrients, & clay
40
B horizon
Primarily composed of mineral material w/ little organic matter
41
C horizon
Very similar to parent material, least weathered horizon
42
Cation exchange capacity (CEC)
The ability of a particular soil to absorb and release cations. Clay has a negative charge so can easily absorb cations for plants
43
Base saturation
The proportion of soil bases to soil acids, expressed as a percentage
44
Crust abundance
The average concentration of an element in Earth's crust
45
Ore
A concentrated accumulation of minerals from which economically valuable materials can be extracted
46
Metal
An element with properties that allow it to conduct electricity and heat energy, and to perform other important functions
47
Reserve
The known quantity of a resource that can be economically recovered
48
Different types of surface mining
Strip mining, open-pit mining, mountaintop mining, placer mining
49
Mine tailings
Unwanted waste material from mining
50
Strip mining
Removal of "strips" of soil & rock to expose an underlying ore
51
Open-pit mining
Large visible pit or hole is carved into ground
52
Moutaintop mining
Miners remove entire top of mountain w/ explosives
53
Placer mining
Looking for minerals, metals, & precious stones in river sediments
54
Shifting agriculture
Unsustainable. Agricultural method in which land is cleared for a few years and soil is depleted of nutrients
55
Soil compaction
Repeated trampling by humans, machinery, or animals causes a compaction of soil and reduction in pore space
56
Desertification
Transformation of arable, productive land to desert or unproductive land (due to climate change or destructive land use)
57
Nomadic grazing
Feeding of herds of animals by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds, often over long distances
58
Sustainable agriculture
Enhances quality of soil, minimizes use of nonrenewable resources, economic viability for farmer, fulfills need for food & fiber
59
Intercropping
Two or more crop species planted in the same field to promote a synergistic reaction
60
Crop rotation
Crop species in a field are rotated from season to season
61
Agroforestry
Trees & veggies are intercropped
62
Contour plowing
Plowing follows natural contours of land, rather than up and down slopes
63
Perennial vs Annual Plants
Lives for multiple years vs. one year
64
No-till agriculture
Agricultural method in which farmers do not turn the soil between seasons to reduce topsoil erosion. Leads to increased use of pesticides
65
Integrated pest management (IPM)
Uses a variety of techniques (intercropping, crop rotation, regular inspection) to minimize input of pesticides
66
Organic agriculture
production of crops in a way that sustains or improves soil, w/o the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. Can increase CO2 input
67
Benefits of free range animals
Better ethically, not as likely to spread disease, no supplemental feeding, & manure & urine are dispersed
68
Sustainable Fisheries Act
Production of critical marine habitat, important for commercial & nontarget fish
69
Individual transferable quote (ITQ)
Individual fishers are given a total allowable catch of fish in a season to catch or sell
70
Aquaculture
Constructing an aquatic ecosystems by stocking the organisms, feeding them, & protecting them from predators
71
CAFOs
Large agricultural facilities where animals are kept in confined spaces
72
What causes earthquakes
The release of energy when plates slide past each other in opposite directions
73
Continental vs. Oceanic Plate
Oceanic crust (more dense) - mostly basaltic rock Continental crust (less dense) - mostly granitic rock
74
What do divergent plate boundaries create
Mid-ocean ridges, seafloor spreading, & rift valleys (land)
75
What do convergent plate boundaries create
Mountains, island arcs, volcanoes
76
Ring of Fire
Pattern of volcanoes all around pacific plate
77
Tidal wave
Caused by underwater earthquakes or landslides by displacement of water
78
How to test soil texture
Let soil settle in jar of water. Measure 3 layers that form.
79
How to test soil permeability
Time for H20 to drain through column of soil
80
How to test soil pH
pH strip - H+ ion concentration (more acidic, less nutrient availability)
81
How to test soil color
Compare w/ soil book color chart. The darker, the more humus, nutrients, and moisture
82
How to test soil nutrient level
Measure ammonium, nitrate, or phosphate levels
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