Psych

Question 1

Concept

Answer 1

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Question 2

Prototype

Answer 2

A mental image or best example of a category

Question 3

Schema

Answer 3

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. Includes assimilation and accommodation

Question 4

Assimilation

Answer 4

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Question 5

Accommodation

Answer 5

Adapting our current schemas (understandings) to incorporate new information

Question 6

Creativity

Answer 6

The ability to produce new and valuable ideas

Question 7

Convergent thinking

Answer 7

Narrows the available problem solutions to determine he single best solution

Question 8

Divergent thinking

Answer 8

Expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions

Question 9

Algorithm

Answer 9

Longer, step-by-step procedure, usually guarantees correct solution

Question 10

Heuristic

Answer 10

Short cut, simple thinking strategy - make judgments and solve problems efficiently. More error-prone

Question 11

Insight

Answer 11

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to the problem. “aha moment.”

Question 12

Functional fixedness

Answer 12

The inability to see a new use for an object or to see a new perspective

Question 13

Mental set

Answer 13

Our tendency to approach a problem with the mind-set of what has worked for us previously

Question 14

Framing

Answer 14

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

Question 15

Gambler’s Fallacy

Answer 15

The mistaken belief that a random event is more likely to occur in the future simply because the opposite has occurred repeatedly in the past

Question 16

Sunk-cost fallacy

Answer 16

The tendency to persist with a course of action despite negative outcomes because of the time, money, and effort already invested

Question 17

Availability heuristic

Answer 17

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory

Question 18

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 18

Estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they represent, or match, particular prototypes

Question 19

Executive functioning

Answer 19

the higher cognitive functions that allow a person to plan, set goals, focus attention, and control impulsive behavior. Develop over time

Question 20

Priming

Answer 20

how exposure to one stimulus may influence a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention

Question 21

fluid intelligence

Answer 21

Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age, especially during late adulthood

Question 22

crystallized intelligence

Answer 22

Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Question 23

Charles Spearmen

Answer 23

G factor (general intelligence) - scoring high on one factor will score high on other factors

Question 24

Howard Gardner

Answer 24

Multiple intelligences IQ misses “intelligences” that someone might have. Conventional concept of intelligence too narrow

Question 25

Mental age

Answer 25

A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the level of performance typically associated with children of a certain chronological age.

Question 26

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

Answer 26

defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100. On average score is 100

Question 27

Standardization

Answer 27

Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

Question 28

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Answer 28

The WAIS and its companion versions for children are the most widely used intelligence test - can help identify those who could benefit from special education

Question 29

Normal Curve v. Flynn Effect

Answer 29

IQ is a normal curve. 15 away from the median of 100 is 1 SD. Flynn effect is the rise in intelligence test scores over time and across cultures

Question 30

Reliability

Answer 30

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or retesting

Question 31

Validity

Answer 31

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it's supposed to

Question 32

Constructive validity

Answer 32

How much a test measures a concept or trait

Question 33

Predictive validity

Answer 33

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it's designed to predict; computed by correlation between test scores and criterion behavior

Question 34

Intelligence v. Aptitude Test

Answer 34

Achievement test - a test designed to assess what a person has learned. Aptitude test - a test designed to predict a person's future performance (capacity to learn)

Question 35

Factor analysis

Answer 35

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions that underlie a person's total score

Question 36

Discrimination Terman

Answer 36

With Terman's help, US gov developed new tests to evaluate WWI recruits and arriving immigrants. Concluded Anglo-Saxon heritage was superior. This led to laws severely restricting immigration, employment, and educational opportunities for those not of that race.

Question 37

Growth mindset

Answer 37

A focus on learning and growing rather than viewing abilities as fixed

Question 38

Fixed mindset

Answer 38

The view that intelligence, abilities, and talents are unchangeable, even with effort

Question 39

Stereotype threat

Answer 39

A self-confirming concern that on will be evaluated based on a neg stereotype

Question 40

Content validity

Answer 40

The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

Question 41

Predictive validity

Answer 41

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it's designed to predict

Question 42

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

Answer 42

practical, creative, and analytical intelligence