Apes 5.5-5.15

Question 1

Furrow irrigation

Answer 1

66% efficient, easy and inexpensive, trench dug along crops fills with water

Question 2

Flood irrigation

Answer 2

80% efficient. Floods entire filed, easier but more disruptive to plants

Question 3

Spray irrigation

Answer 3

Ground or surface water pumped into spray nozzles. 2nd most efficient and more expensive

Question 4

Waterlogging

Answer 4

Overwatering can saturate the soil, filling all soil pore spaces with water

Question 5

Drip irrigation

Answer 5

Most efficient, but also most costly. Holes in hose allow water to slowly drip out.

Question 6

How much water is used for agriculture

Answer 6

70%. 11% are used for households, and 19% are used for industry

Question 7

Aquifers

Answer 7

Usable groundwater deposits for humans. Unconfined recharge quickly, while confined take more time.

Question 8

Saltwater intrusion

Answer 8

Excessive pumping near coast lowers water table pressure, allowing saltwater to seep into groundwater

Question 9

Cone of depression

Answer 9

Forms when water table is lowered by excessive pumping, depleting water & drying nearby wells

Question 10

Economic benefit of pesticide use

Answer 10

Much higher yield (resistant to insects and other animals)

Question 11

Economic advantage vs disadvantage to CAFO

Answer 11

Advantage - lower prices per animal.
Disadvantage - Contaminate nearby water, produces greenhouse gases.

Question 12

Benefits to free range

Answer 12

Dispersed waste, no need for antibiotics to avoid disease

Question 13

why is meat inefficient

Answer 13

Requires much more land and energy used than a plant based diet, contributes more to climate change

Question 14

Overburden

Answer 14

Soil, vegetation, and rocks that are removed to get an ore deposit below

Question 15

Different types of mining

Answer 15

Open pit, strip, mountaintop, placer

Question 16

Why is subsurface mining more expensive

Answer 16

Higher insurance and health care costs for workers

Question 17

Enviro impacts of mining

Answer 17

Acid mine drainage (rainwater mixes with pyrite to form sulfuric acid). PM release during coal mining

Question 18

Solutions for acid mine drainage

Answer 18

Adding alkaline materials such as limestone

Question 19

Fishery collapse

Answer 19

When overfishing causes 90% population decline in a fishery

Question 20

Aquaculture benefit vs drawback

Answer 20

Requires no land and a small amount of water/space. However, the high density populations increase disease risk, and nearby water can become contaminated.

Question 21

Economic consequences of fishery collapse

Answer 21

Lost income for fishermen, lost tourism dollars for communities

Question 22

Urban blight

Answer 22

A community’s physical and social decline, caused by leaving businesses + abandoned homes

Question 23

How do cities cause saltwater intrusion

Answer 23

Excessive groundwater withdrawal near coast lowering water table pressure, allowing saltwater to seep into groundwater.

Question 24

Ecological footprint

Answer 24

Measure of how much a person/group consumes, expressed in area of land

Question 25

Factors that impact ecological footprint

Answer 25

Food, raw materials, housing, electricity, disposing waste

Question 26

Sustainability

Answer 26

Consuming a resource or using a space in a way that doesn't deplete it for future generations

Question 27

Maximum sustainable yield

Answer 27

The max amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested without reducing or depleting the resource for future use

Question 28

Environmental indicator

Answer 28

Factors that help us determine the health of the environment and guide us towards sustainable use of Earth's resources

Question 29

Stormwater runoff

Answer 29

Carries pollutants into our waterways, such as oil, fertilizers, trash, etc.

Question 30

How to mitigate stormwater runoff

Answer 30

Rain gardens - gardens planted in urban areas. Or public transport - more cars on road = more pollutants to runoff.

Question 31

Build up, not out.

Answer 31

Building vertically decreases impervious surfaces, which decreases urban runoff. Combine this with green roof to sequester more carbon dioxide.

Question 32

Goal of integrated pest management

Answer 32

Use a variety of pest control methods to minimize env. disruption and pesticide use.

Question 33

IPM strategies

Answer 33

Monitoring, biocontrol, crop rotation, intercropping

Question 34

Benefits to IPM

Answer 34

Less contamination into water, better for consumers, reduces death of non target crops

Question 35

Drawbacks to IPM

Answer 35

Can be more consuming and costly than just using pesticides

Question 36

Methods for soil conservation

Answer 36

Intercropping, windbreaks, perennial crops, no till

Question 37

How does limestone help soil fertility

Answer 37

Increases ph which helps soil absorb nutrients better

Question 38

Green manure

Answer 38

Leftover plant from a cover crop - a crop planted in the offseason

Question 39

Rotational grazing

Answer 39

Regular rotation of livestock to different pastures prevents overgrazing.