apes midterm Flashcards by A T

Broad-spectrum pesticides may increase the number of a pest species through?

Development of genetic resistance

Killing of predators of the pest species

Killing of parasites that may have kept the population of the pest low

All of these answers

all of these answers

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All of the following are advantages of biological control except that it?

U.S. farmers save $25 for each $1 invested in biological controls

Minimizes the development of genetic resistance

Is nontoxic to non-target species

Focuses on selected target species

Requires little research and development

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Salt buildup may?

Eventually kill weeds

Eventually make the land unproductive

Increase yields

Increase crop growth

None of these answers

Eventually make the land unproductive

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In most modern agriculture, which of the following effects is agriculture least likely to have on soil resources?

Replenishment of soil fertility

Desertification

Waterlogging

Erosion

salinization

replenishment of soil fertility

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Which of the following foods is most likely to be contaminated by pesticides?

Cucumbers
Strawberries 
Apples
Green beans 
Celery

strawberries

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Integrated pesticide management (IPM) could be promoted by all of the following strategies except:

Gradually phasing in subsidies for farmers who depend primarily on pesticides.

Setting up federally supported IPM demonstration projects in each county

Training USDA field personnel and county farm agents so they can help farmers with this strategy.

providing federal or state subsidies for farmers who use use IPM

Adding a sales tax on pesticides to fund IPM research and education

Gradually phasing in subsidies for farmers who depend primarily on pesticides.

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Which of the following is not a detrimental environmental effect of the Green Revolution?

Emergence of pesticide-resistant insects

Degradation of land resources

Salinization of soils

Increase in irrigation worldwide

Boom in agricultural productivity

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Deforestation, overgrazing, and the overworking of sol for sol for crop production can lead to which of the following?

Monoculture

Salinization

Desertification

Waterlogging

Increased crop rotation

desertification

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Rotenone and pyrethrum are examples of ?

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

Soil sterilants

Organophosphates

Botanicals

carbamates

botanical

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Out in your wheat in oklahoma, you decide to plant several different varieties of wheat. A student from oklahoma state university studying sustainable agriculture observes that you are practicing _______.

Agroforesty
Intercropping
Polyvarietal cultivation
Monoculture
polyculture

polyvarietal cultivation

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All of the following crops commonly grown in plantation agriculture except

Sugarcane 
Corn
Coffee
Cacao
Bananas

corn

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The pesticide treadmill involves?

Use of stronger doses of pesticides

A switch to new chemicals

Use of more frequent doses of pesticides

All of the above

None of the above

all

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The term undernutrition refers to people who?

Eat too much

Eat balanced meals

Eat less than the basic minimum number of daily calories

Eat too much protein

Suffer from poor food quality

Eat less than the basic minimum number of daily calories

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Which of the following factors did NOT contribute to the Dust Bowl in the United States?

Desertification 
Drought
Soil erosion
Removal of vegetation cover
No till agriculture

no till agri

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Which of the following practices leads to desertification?

Surface mining 
Soil compaction
Overgrazing 
Irrigation
All of the above

all

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Which of the following statements is false?

Integrated pest management involves multiple sampling of the pest population

In integrated pest management, small amounts of pesticides are used at critical times

Integrated pest management is a multidimensional control program

The goal of integrated pest control is the complete eradication of the pest

In integrated pest management, controlling pests may include vacuuming up harmful bugs.

The goal of integrated pest control is the complete eradication of the pest

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20% silt, 10% clay, 70% sand

Sandy loam
Silt loam
Clay
Sandy clay loam

sandy loam

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conservation tillage?

Decreases erosion

Accelerates water loss from the soil

Increases labor costs
Increases erosion
Increases energy consumption

decreases erosion

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Most soil erosion is caused by?

Volcanoes
Wind 
Earthquakes
Excess heat
Moving water

moving water

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The 3 grains that provide more than half of the total calories consumed worldwide are________.

Soybeans, rice, and wheat

Wheat, barley, and flax seed

Oats, rye, and wheat

Rice, wheat, corn

Corn, millet, sorghum

Rice, wheat, corn

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Global security can be increased by all of the following except?

Reducing poverty 
Increasing population
Preventing topsoil erosion
Minimizing overgrazing 
Halting desertification

increasing population

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The genetically engineered golden rice has been developed to do which of the following?

Have long-lasting freshness
Resist pests
Provide vitamin a
Produce more seeds
Resist the harm caused by frost

provide vitamin a

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Switching to integrated pest management?

Will be hard to do because it requires a break from tradition

Is difficult because farmers get most of their information from pesticide sales people or USDA county agents who have supported pesticide use in the past

Is strongly supported by environmentalists

Is strongly opposed by politically or economically powerful agricultural chemical companies

All of these

all

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Concerns have been raised about possible links between low levels of pesticides and

Birth defects
Immune system disorders
Genetic mutation
Nervous system disorders
All of the these answers

all

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Administration of ___ will prevent the majority of blindness in developing countries in the world. Immunizing shots Proteins Iodine Sugar and salt in a glass of water Vitamin a capsules

vitamin a capsules

The correct sequence for the efficiency of converting grain into animal protein for the following animals, (in terms of kilograms of grain needed per kilogram of body weight), most efficient to least efficient is Catfish chicken pigs beef cattle Pigs, beef cattle, catfish, chicken Beef cattle, pigs, chicken, catfish Catfish, pigs, chicken, beef cattle Beef cattle, chicken, pigs, catfish

c. beef cattle pigs chicken catfish

Malnutrition and associated infection could be reduced by? Encouraging breast-feeding Immunization Teaching women about child care and water sterilization All of the above None of the above

all

Benefits of aquaculture include? Creation of jobs Use of less fuel than conventional fishing methods High yields per unit area All of the above None of the above

all

Which of the following best describes traditional subsistence agriculture? Produces large quantities of a single product Provides the food for one family Often uses high-tech equipment Common in developed countries Commonly employs genetically modified crops

provides the food for one family

All of the following statements about an IPM Plan are true except: An IPM plan takes into account the weather and climate in an area An IPM plan uses natural enemies to control pests IPM plans may include suggestions for human behavior modification No pesticides are used in an IPM; only natural methods are used. Cultural control methods are applied in an IPM plan

No pesticides are used in an IPM; only natural methods are used.

Which of the following is not one of the three major types of organic fertilizer? ``` Animal manure Sewage sludge Green manure Compost None of the above ```

sewage sludge

Industrialized agriculture requires large inputs of ``` Inorganic fertilizers Pesticides Water Fossil fuels All of the above ```

all

Which of the following types of agriculture is most characteristic of developing countries? High input agriculture Industrialized agriculture Traditional intensive agriculture Plantation agriculture Traditional subsistence agriculture

Traditional subsistence agriculture

Which of the following is major environmental impact of livestock production? Dispersion of livestock operations throughout the country Bad smells Animal rights groups releasing domestic livestock Diets high in beef contain too much fat Water pollution

water pollution

The practice of planting only one crop on a plot of land

monoculture

Can reduce the amount of organic matter and oxygen in the soil

soil degration

Can lead to a buildup of a layer of salt on the surface

irrigation genetically engineered plants

may lead to the production of more nutritious food

fertilizer

Overuse of groundwater can lead to ``` Saltwater intrusion Aquifer depletion Subsidence All of these answers None of these answers ```

all

In a septic tank system, which of the following is not true? Wastewater is pumped into a settling tank After leaving the absorption field, wastewater is cleaned and can be used again for human consumption. Bacteria treated waste is discharged in an absorption field Solid are decomposed by bacteria Grease and oil rise to the top in the bacteria

After leaving the absorption field, wastewater is cleaned and can be used again for human consumption.

Which of the following statements about desalination is true? Desalination is expensive Desalination is the best approach to solving irrigation problems. Desalination is the best method of acquiring clear water for drinking The greatest amount of desalination occurs in the United States. The common methods of desalination are reverse-osmosis and evaporation.

desalination is expensive

Which of the following statements is false? A slow-flowing rivers are less susceptible to pollutants than fast-flowing streams Streams can recover from degradable pollutants as long as they are not overloaded. Oxygen sag curves show the time and distance needed for a stream to recover Requiring cities to withdraw water downstream of the city would reduce pollution The width and depth of the oxygen sag curve is dependent on water volume and flow rate.

A slow-flowing rivers are less susceptible to pollutants than fast-flowing streams

In cultural eutrophication, game fish die from? Toxic substances in the water. Salt Loss of space Acid deposition Suffocation from lack of oxygen

Suffocation from lack of oxygen

The only effective way to protect groundwater is to? Treat all water from underground sources Using advanced sewage treatment Using monitoring wells Prevent contamination Cover all wells carefully

prevent contamination

Which of the following is a point source of water pollution Livestock feedlots Offshore oil wells Parking lots Urban lands Croplands

offshore oil wells

Porous water-saturated layers of underground rock are known as ``` Recharge areas Water tables Watersheds Runoff areas Aquifers ```

aquifers

All of the following are cleanup methods of controlling cultural eutrophication except? Using advanced waste treatment Pumping air through reservoirs to avoid oxygen depletion Harvesting excess weeds Treating plant growth with herbicides None of the answers

using advanced waste tra waste treatment

All of the following methods are likely to aid restoration of Chesapeake Bay’s oyster population except? Developing disease- resistant oyster stocks Seeding protected oyster beds with large, older oysters. Trying to find reef building substitute to hasten reef reconstruction Developing new recipes for oyster stew to enhance public appreciation of oysters.

Developing new recipes for oyster stew to enhance public appreciation of oysters.

Which of the following types of sewage treatment is properly matched? Secondary-mechanical process Primary- biological process Secondary-chemical process Primary-chemical process advanced -physical and chemical process

advanced -physical and chemical process

The majority of the oil pollution of the ocean come from? Environmental terrorism blowouts (rupture of a borehole of an oil rig in the ocean) Tanker accidents Normal operations of offshore wells Runoff from land.

runoff

All of the following are ways to prevent or slow groundwater depletion except? Subsidize water conservation Buy and retire groundwater withdrawal rights A ban on new well construction Waste less water Grow more water-intensive crops

Grow more water-intensive crops

Which of the following statements is false? The amount of oxygen in rivers increases as the water’s temperature falls In rapidly flowing rivers, dissolved oxygen is replaced quickly. The amount of oxygen in rivers increases as the water’s temperature rises. The amount of oxygen in rivers declines in dry seasons. Because of their flow, most streams recover rapidly from pollution by heat and biodegradable waste.

The amount of oxygen in rivers increases as the water’s temperature rises.

Throughout the world, the most water is used for? Needs of animals and humans Cooling towers of power plants Transportation Irrigation Industrial processes

irrigation

Farmers can sharply reduce fertilizer runoff by? Using prescribes amts of fertilizer control runoff planting nitrogen-fixing plants planting buffer zones between cultivated fields and surface water all of these answers

all

Which of the following is false? Oil spills can have a negative economic impact on coastal residents The environment recovers more slowly from crude oil spills than from refined oil spills Oil evaporates and undergoes decomposition Recovery from oil spills is faster in warm water than in cold water Estuaries and salt marshes suffer the most damage from oil pollution and cannot be effectively cleaned up

The environment recovers more slowly from crude oil spills than from refined oil spills

Water resources can be transferred from water-rich areas to water-poor areas through tunnels, pipes, and aqueducts. Disadvantages of the water transfer process include all of the following except: Climate is altered Capacity for agriculture is increased Fisheries are threatened Water salinity increases Rivers are degraded

capacity for agriculture is increased

Which of the following would least likely reduce the nutrient loading into the Chesapeake Bay estuary? Upgrade of current sewage treatment plants Govt subsidies for cotton crops Improvement of manure containment lagoons in feedlots Replanting of riparian zones and sea grass beds Reintroduction of native oyster beds

Replanting of riparian zones and sea grass beds

Which of the following statements about the Aral Sea is false? The surface area has decreased by 54% A large portion of native fish species have disappeared The volume of the aral sea has dropped by about 75% The salinity levels have risen threefold Water has been diverted from the aral sea and the two rivers that replenish its water primarily for use in manufacturing

Water has been diverted from the aral sea and the two rivers that replenish its water primarily for use in manufacturing

A body of water can be depleted of its oxygen by? Sediments and suspended matter Organic wastes Viruses and parasitic worms Organic compounds such as oil, plastics, solvents, and detergents All of these answers

Organic wastes

The term subsidence refers to? Accumulation of silt behind a dam Intrusion of saltwater into a freshwater aquifer Failure of the groundwater supply Loss of water due to evaporation Sinking of ground when water has been withdrawn

Sinking of ground when water has been withdrawn

The leading nonpoint source of water pollution is? Runoff from city streets and storm sewers Municipal landfills Agriculture Industrial wastes Leaks from offshore oil wells

agriculture

Which of the following statements is false? Heat can lower dissolved oxygen and make fish vulnerable to disease Organic wastes reduce the amt of in the water supply Inorganic nutrients such as fertilizers have no adverse effects of aquatic ecosystems Radioactive wastes and toxins can be concentrated by biological amplification Sediment can cloud water and reduce photosynthesis

Inorganic nutrients such as fertilizers have no adverse effects of aquatic ecosystems

Which of the following is a nonpoint source of water pollution? Logged forest Active and inactive coal mines Sewage treatment plant Electric power plant factories

logged forest

The effects of oil spill depend on the? Distance of release from shore Amt released Type of oil (crude of refined) Time of year All of these answers

all

Which of the following statements is false? The water table moves down in dry weather Recharging of water is a slow process Water is a confined aquifer is under pressure The water table is located at the top of the zone of saturation Groundwater is stationary and doesn't move

Groundwater is stationary and doesn't move

Large dams and reservoirs? Are inexpensive to build Cannot be used for outdoor recreation Can be used to provide electric power Reduce danger of flooding upstream All of these answers

Can be used to provide electric power

Sustainable use of water? Requires integrated governance of water pollution among all users of a watershed Might be encouraged by water marketing Requires integrated governance of water use, sewage treatment among all users of a watershed Is discouraged by government subsidies of water All of these answers

All of these answers

in most developed countries, large fish kills and contamination of drinking water are caused by? Malfunctioning sewage treatment plants Deliberate release of toxic industrial chemicals Accidental release of toxic industrial chemicals All of these answers None of these answers

all

Nitrates and phosphates are examples of? Oxygen-demanding wastes Disease-causing agents Sediment Organic chemicals Inorganic plant nutrients

Inorganic plant nutrients

Which of the following statements is false? Human activities can accelerate the eutrophication process Rivers are more vulnerable than lakes to contamination by plants nutrients, oil, toxins, and pesticides Eutrophication is a natural process and can occur without the influence of humans Acid deposition and fallout represent a more serious hazard to lakes than rivers Eutrophication is caused by inputs of nutrients and silt from the surrounding land basin

Rivers are more vulnerable than lakes to contamination by plants nutrients, oil, toxins, and pesticides

Of the following organisms, the group that is least likely to cause disease is? ``` Algae Bacteria Viruses Protozoa Parasitic worms ```

algae

Porous layers of rock and soil that store freshwater

aquifer

Upper limit of the zone of saturation

water table

Precipitation which does not infiltrate the ground

runoff

Land area surrounding a particular body of water from which runoff drains

watershed

A resource that is too expensive to extract is said to be? ``` Perpetual Economically depleted Limited Environmentally depleted Ecologically depleted ```

economically depleted

Which of the following statements best illustrates the tragedy of the commons? A factory pollutes a river as much as the law allows Some activities harm the environment but others don't Cropland can decrease biodiversity Irrigated cropland can be ruined by salinization Some levels of pollution are life threatening

A factory pollutes a river as much as the law allows

Effects of pollution might include? Fish kills in lakes and streams Acid rain-induced destruction of a statue in your city park Spread of disease from an open dump Being unable to see the top of skyscrapers because All of these answers

all

An environmentally sustainable society? Projects the prospects of future generations of humans and other species Manages its economy and population size without doing irreparable environmental harm Satisfies the needs of its people by harvesting without depleting earth’s capital Meets the needs of its people without jeopardizing the needs of future generations All of these answers

all

A community of living organisms interacting with one another and the physical and chemical factors of their nonliving environment is called ``` A population A lithosphere A species A community An ecosystem ```

ecosystem

Aerobic respiration requires ``` Oxygen and water Co2 and h2o Glucose and co2 Glucose and o2 Co2 and o2 ```

glucose and o2

Exponential growth Starts out slowly and remains slow Remains constant Starts rapidly and remains rapid Starts out slowly then becomes very rapid Starts rapidly then slows

Starts rapidly and remains rapid

In a typical soil profile, the topsoil is composed of? ``` The parent material Leached material Humus Bedrock The o and a horizon ```

humus

The market value in dollars of goods and services produced in a country for use within a year is the? Per capita GDP Per capita GNP Gross national product Gross growth product Gross domestic product

gdp

Which is NOT a component of the water cycle? The movement of nutrients is largely dependent on the water cycle Most water is held in freshwater sources, such as rivers and lakes The sun is a key component and acts as a power source for the water cycle Water is stored in sinks, including ice caps, oceans, rivers, and lakes Water vapor is considered an atmospheric gas

Most water is held in freshwater sources, such as rivers and lakes

Humans remove nitrogen from the soil by all of the following except? Harvesting of nutrient-rich crops Mining of nitrogen-rich mineral deposits Applying organic fertilizers to agricultural land Leaking water-soluble nitrate ions from soil through irrigation None of these answers

Applying organic fertilizers to agricultural land

Which of the following generalizations about developing countries is true? They have a high average GNP per person They use about 12% of the world’s resources They’re highly industrialized They include the US, canada, japan, former soviet union, and european countries They make up about 1/10 of the world’s pop.

use about 12% of world's resources

Which of the following best describes the concept of environmental degradation? Using oil to make gasoline Letting agricultural runoff cause oxygen depletion and fish kills downstream Cutting trees for wood products Using solar power at a rapid rate All of these answers

Letting agricultural runoff cause oxygen depletion and fish kills downstream

Which of the following is not a renewable resource? ``` Crops Groundwater Trees in a forest Oil Fertile soil ```

oil

This process converts compounds like co2 or methane into carbohydrates using an energy source such as hydrogen sulfide? ``` Fermentation Chemosynthesis Photosynthesis Transpiration Aerobic respiration ```

chemosynthesis

Which of the following is an example of reuse? Making compost out of kitchen scraps Making paper goods from previously used paper Using waste heat to warm a room Using a plastic butter tub to store leftovers Remelting aluminum cans

remelting aluminum cans

Use of a natural resource based on sustainability yield applies to ?

renewable resources

All non renewable resources can theoretically be ?

exhausted or depleted

Nonpoint sources of pollution include all of the following except

A smokestack from a power plant

What is the tragedy of the commons?

Degradation of the actions of resources Overfishing , water pollution , and air pollution

Pollution cleanup effects can be ineffective because?

Move trash from 1 place to another are hard to clean up

Root cause of environmental problem include?

People and population

Theodore Roosevelt establish the ?

Wildlife refuge

Who developed the sierra club ?

John muir

What's the ccc?

Roosevelt set up to stop the great depression and putpeople back to work

What president 3x the amount of in the national wilderness systems and 2x the area administered by national park service ?

Theodore Roosevelt

What best describes the concept of environmental degradation?

letting agricultural runoff cause oxygen depletion and fish kills downstream

Red &a yellow in a soil horizon visually indicates?

The soil is low in organic matter and needs nitrogen enrichment

Aerobic respiration requires?

oxygen

Ammonium ions are converted to nitrite ions &a nitrate ion through the process of?

nitrification

Ecosystem

a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Community

Population of all species living and interacting in an area at a particular time

How do humans add sulfur to the atmosphere

Burning fossil fuels

Nitrate is converted to nitrogen through the process of

denitrification

Niche

the function or position of a species within an ecological community.

What does the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy occurs in

photosynthesis

The topsoil horizon is described by the letter

2 ways human interference with carbon cycle

Deforestation and burning fossil fuels

Form of nitrogen most useable to plants is

nitrate

In a typical soil profile, the top soil composed of

humus

What cycle does not contain gas phase

phosphorus

Chemosynthesis

the synthesis of organic compounds by bacteria or other living organisms using energy derived from reactions involving inorganic chemicals, typically in the absence of sunlight.

Aerobic respiration

process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen

Transpiration

process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere

The intrinsic rate of increase

Rate at which a population increases in size if there are no density dependent factors regulating the population

All of the following are general types of pop change curve except? Explosive Stable Cyclic irregular

Explosive

Which of the following is not one of the age structure categories? ``` Prereproductive Reproductive Post reproductive Elderly none ```

elderly

A logistic growth curve depicting a population that is limited by a definite carrying capacity is shaped like the letter ``` J L M S N ```

A population crash occurs when? A pop approaches its carrying capacity Environmental resistance comes into play gradually Resources are essentially unlimited Pop overshoots carrying capacity and environmental pressure causes effects Pop growth rate slows

Pop overshoots carrying capacity and environmental pressure causes effects

Density dependent pop controls include all of the following except ``` Disease Human destruction of habitat Paratism Competition for resources Predation ```

Competition for resources

Pop of rabbits in Fremont is 250 in Sept, 2004 and growing at a rate of 3.5% each . If the rate remains the constant, determine the month and year in which the rabbit pop with reach 128,000? May 2006 Sept 2006 May 2019 Sept 2019

Sept 2019

The changes in pop. density, dispersion, and age structure are known as? ``` Succesor Demography Pop dynamic Biotic potential Carrying capacity ```

pop dynamic

Which of the following best describes the survivorship curve you would expect to find for a fish? ``` Late loss Constant loss Early loss No loss None ```

Early loss

Which of the following is not a reason why organisms tend to live in clumps? Resources vary greatly in availability from place to place Living in herds, flocks or schools can provide protection of animals Living in a pack gives predator species a better chance of getting food Some animals form temporary groups for mating or carrying young Intra specific competition decreases when living in a group

Intra specific competition decreases when living in a group

All of the following illustrate exponential growth except? A king promised to double the number of grains of wheat Human population growth Driving 10 mph for 1 min, after a min 20 mph, after a min 30 mph, and then after a min 40 mph Money in a savings account Bacteria population growth

Driving 10 mph for 1 min, after a min 20 mph, after a min 30 mph, and then after a min 40 mph

``` If the world’s pop grew by 2% in 1998 and continued at that rate how long would it take Earth’s population to double 20 years 25 years 30 years 35 years 40 years ```

You are visiting a developing country, Compared to developed country, you would expect to find a? Higher % of the pop with safe drinking water Higher % of pop under the age 15 Higher average life expectancy More urban population Higher % of pop over 60

Higher % of pop under the age 15

Root causes of environmental problems include? Rapid pop growth Even distribution of wealth Increasingly sustainable use of resources Prices reflecting environmental costs Using non renewable resource sensibly

Rapid pop growth

Human pop have grown exponentially over the last 200 years due to? Medical advances Expansion in agriculture Increasing industrial production Improved hygiene All the above

all

A common argument against pop. growth control could be that? It violates against religious or moral beliefs It violates the right to privacy It keeps minorities or citizens of developing countries from gaining power A and B only A, B , and C

A and B only

The optimum sustainable pop. is? The level that would allow most people to live in reasonable comfort and freedom without impairing the ability of the planet to sustain future generations. The level that could be sustained by creating tech that would solve any environmental problem human might face The maximum number of people that could live comfortably but not induce any environmental degradation on the planet All the above None of the above

The maximum number of people that could live comfortably but not induce any environmental degradation on the planet

The population change in a particular year can be calculated by? (death+emigration) - (births+immigration) (births+immigration) - (death+emigration) (deaths+immigration) - (births+emigration) (births+emigration) - (death+immigration) (births+deaths) - (immigration+emigration)

(births+immigration) - (death+emigration)

``` The crude birth rate is the number of live births per__ persons in a given year. 50 100 500 1,000 10,000 ```

1,000

The highest crude birth rate and crude death rate are in ``` Africa Latin America Asia Europe Oceania ```

africa

Total Fertility rate is? The number of children born to a woman during her lifetime The number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves The average number of children a woman typically has during her reproductive years The number of live births per 1000 people The births and immigration into a population minus the deaths and emigration

The average number of children a woman typically has during her reproductive years

The actual average replacement- level fertility for the whole world is slightly higher than ``` 1 child per couple 2 children per couple 3 children per couple 4 children per couple 5 children per couple ```

2 children per couple

The total fertility rate in the United States reached a peak When the U.S was dominated by an agricultural economy during the late 1700s ? After the civil war, in the 1870s After world war 1, in the mid 1920s After world war 2, in the mid 1950s After the Vietnam War, in the mid 1970s

After world war 2, in the mid 1950s

Which of the following is not an economic factor decreasing the likelihood of a couple having a child? Religious beliefs Cost of education Lack of a pension system Employment opportunities for women Need for child to be part of family labor pool

Religious beliefs

Two useful indicators of overall health in a country or region are ? Birth rate and death rate Replacement-level fertility rate and total fertility rate Life expectancy and infant mortality rate Life expectancy and death rate Population growth rate

Life expectancy and infant mortality rate

Death rates have declined because of ? Increased food supplies Access to birth control Improved sanitation and hygiene A and C only A, B and C

A and C only

Infant mortality rate refers to the number of children out of 1,000 that die? ``` Before birth In their first month In the first half-year of life By their first birthday By their 5th birthday ```

By their first birthday

The age structure of a population is the number or percentage of ? Females age 14 years or under Females age 15 to 44 Males age 15 to 44 Persons of each sex at each age level Person of each sex at age 15 to 44

Persons of each sex at each age level

Rapidly growing countries have an age structure that Forms an inverted pyramid Has a broad based pyramid Shows little variation in population by age Has a large pre-reproductive pop Has a large post reproductive pop

Has a large pre-reproductive pop