Apoptosis

Question 1

The apoptosis starter

Answer 1

The meaning of apoptosis
The different types of injury
The features of apoptosis
The functions of apoptosis
The biochemical assays for cancer including annexin V, the M30 staining, the gel and TUNEL assay

Question 2

The mechanisms of apoptosis

Answer 2

The nematode and the reasons for model
The apoptosis in growth
The four groups of genes
The mutations and epistasis
The link between the nematode genes and human genes
The apoptotic machinery
The Bcl proteins and the types
The structures
The signalling with the Bcl proteins
The way the pro-apoptotic proteins move to the membrane including the tbid, the p53 puma noxa and bax proteins, the 14-3-3 protein and Bmf and Bim
The mitochondria, VDAC and ANT, the mPTP and the cytochrome C
The Bcl-2 and pro-apoptotic proteins, the direct activation and indirect activation
The generation of pores in the mitochondria

BAX is bcl-2-associated X protein
BAD is bcl-2 antagonist of cell death
BAK is bcl-2 antagonist or killer 1

Question 3

The evasion of apoptosis

Answer 3

The reasons for evasion
The decrease in pro-apoptotic signals
The increase in pro-survival signals like Bcl-2 in Burkitt’s lymphoma
The decrease in pro-apoptotic pathways like The decrease in pro-apoptotic proteins and increase in the anti-apoptotic proteins
The decrease in p53 protein and the different mutations
The decrease in DNA damage sensing system
The ways to deal with evasion of apoptosis
Inhibiting the mdm2 p53 binding like the Nutlin drug as it binds to the MDM2 like p53 binds
The Bcl-XL Bad binding and ABT-737 drug
The Smac drugs and how Smac has short half-life, the AVPI drugs as they inhibit IAPs
The Trail ligands including maputumumab and CS-1008 drugs, CS-1008 in colorectal xenografts