The Control Of The Cell Cycle

Question 1

The Cell cycle

Answer 1

The important checkpoints
The cdks and cyclins cell cycle
The conformational change
The yeast genetics
The pathway
The Regulation of cyclins and cdks
The checkpoints
The chemotherapy in different stage of the cell cycle
The dividing cells

Question 2

The G1 to S transition

Answer 2

The hyperplasia
The cdks and cyclins
The growth signal, cdk4 and 6 and the restriction checkpoint and p16 inhibition
The Rb, HDAC, E2F, cyclin E and transition
The change in cancer
The drugs including Ras Raf Mek inhibitors and cdk inhibitors like for cdk2 and cdk4-6, the olomoucine drug

Question 3

The microsatelllite instability

Answer 3

The dysplasia
The DNA damage repair enzymes and the checkpoint proteins
The way DNA damage happens
The types of DNA damage
The DNA repair pathways
The mutations in HNPCC and XP
The DNA damage checkpoint proteins like ATM ATR p53 and inactivation of cdc25
The different pathways in the transitions
The p53 control and p21 increase
The replication stress and reasons
The mutations in Li-Fraumeni and breast cancer
The radiotherapy and chemotherapy drugs
The combination therapy and ATM ATR inhibitors or Chk2 inhibitors
The synthetic lethality and the inhibitors of repair enzymes in base excision method

Question 4

The chromosome instability

Answer 4

The types of chromosome instability like structural and numerical, the aneuploidy and the tumour suppressors and oncogenes change
The chromosome instability and intra-tumour heterogeneity
The reasons for aneuploidy including defective chromosome cohesion, centrosome amplification, merotely, the defective mitotic spindle checkpoint and defective cytokinesis
The genetic instability and increasing this in cancer as vulnerability

Question 5

The mitotic spindle checkpoint

Answer 5

The cdks and cyclins
The proteins include the Plk1, aurora A, aurora B, NIMA-related kinases, haspin and Msp1 and BubR1 for the spindle assembly checking
The biochemical pathway for mitosis including the inhibitory and activating phosphates, the cdc25 and the positive loop
The metaphase to anaphase transition and securin and cyclin B destruction
The securin and cohesion complexes
The APC-C and the degradation
The spindle proteins including Mad1 and Mad2, the kinetochores and cdc20, the aurora B and the APC-C inhibition
The tumour suppressor S and oncogene change the epigenetics of the spindle proteins
The pathway to aneuploidy
The anti-microtubule drugs, the mitotic halt and the apoptosis in dividing cells, the neurotoxicity