The Oncogenes

Question 1

The discovery of oncogenes

Answer 1

The meaning of oncogene
The proto-oncogene hypothesis
The Rous Sarcoma virus
The avian leukosis virus
The insertional mutagenesis
The causes of oncogene activation like no anti-oncogenes, mutations, oncogenic viruses
The DNA tumour viruses and no cellular homologues

Question 2

The discovery of oncogene part 2

Answer 2

The retroviruses and sequence homology
The focus assays
The 3T3 transformation assays

Question 3

The signal transduction pathways

Answer 3

The signal transduction pathway and the four proteins
The EGFR and the pathway
The conformational change, the access for phosphorylation and the kinase domains
The affinity binding sites for SH2 domains and the binding of SH2
The SH3 domains and the binding, the proteins contain both SH2 and SH3 like Grb2. The SOS and the activator of Ras
The Ras GTP binding protein and the GEF, GAP
The substrate is Raf and serine-threonine kinase and MAPKK, the AP-1 and the cyclin D
The Src and the inhibition by T530 with SH2, the kinase domain EGFR and SH2 recruited
The Src functions like focal adhesions disassembly for cell motility and downregulating E-catherine for cell invasion
The mutations in cancer like EGFR and the signal transducers

Question 4

The Notch, Wnt and Hedgehog signalling

Answer 4

The Notch and ligands on other cell surface, the different types of ligand
The fragment and the downstream substrate
The Regulation at the ligand and the intracellular domain
The Wnt and the complex, when no Wnt the destruction of beta-catenin and Wnt the axin, the beta-catenin substrate
The APC mutations and E-cadherins
The Hedgehog signalling, Patched and Smoothened, Gli1 and the cerebellar cancer like medulloblastomas