Tumour Suppressors

Question 1

The Rb tumour suppressor

Answer 1

The meaning of tumour suppressors and the types
The different tumour suppressors and Rb
The familial and sporadic retinoblastomas
The Knudson two-hit hypothesis and the ways loss of heterozygosity happens
The Rb pocket
The Rb in the cell cycle and the HDAC

Question 2

The p53 tumour suppressor

Answer 2

The guardian of the genome and the related proteins
The low level of stress and glutathione peroxidase and sestrins to deal with the radicals generated by cellular metabolism
The higher stress and the p53 functions
The structure of p53
The regulation of p53
The functions in the cell cycle like p21 and the PCNA for DNA repair method
The functions in apoptosis like Puma, Noxa and Bax and the cytochrome c
The choice between cell cycle arrest and apoptosis like Miz1 and Myc, the ASPP in increasing activation of genes
The functions in inhibiting angiogenesis
The more complex concept than the Knudson two-hit hypothesis like the haploinsufficiency, dominant negative and the mdm2 lost

Question 3

The senescence pathway

Answer 3

The meaning of senescence and the discovery with Hayflick
The types of senescence including replicative senescence and stress-mediated senescence
The replicative senescence and telomeres
The pathways for senescence include the p53 p21 and p16 ARF pathway, the p53 and the cell cycle halted, the quiescent and sustained p53 signalling. The p16 and ARF, the collaboration with p53 signalling
The detecting senescence and includes growth halted, the beta gal, DNA scar and heterochromatin foci, the bioluminescent p16 ARF luciferase and senescence-linked secretary phenotype, the primary function
The senescence as a tumour suppressor like PTEN lost and the senescence pathways lost
The antagonistic pleiotropy and aging, cancer and senescence via SASP
The inhibitors of p53, p16 ARF would inhibit senescence but cancer increased
The senolytics and how the immune cells can’t remove the senescent cells, if they can remove the apoptotic cells, the drug window inhibited
The SASP inhibition

Question 4

The PTEN tumour suppressor functions

Answer 4

PTEN is a phosphatase
Cleaves PIP3 and prevents the generation of Akt
The Akt inhibits GSK3, which inhibits cyclin D. It activates mTOR, which is needed for cell proliferation. It inhibits Bad, which inhibits apoptosis.
PTEN is mutated in glioblastomas and ovarian cancers.
The synergy of PTEN with p53 in cells