The Starter To Cancer

Question 1

The hallmarks of cancer, the enabling characteristics and the emerging hallmarks

Answer 1

The sustained proliferative signalling
The enabling replicative immortality and Hayflick the senescence
The evading growth suppressors
The evasion of apoptosis
The metastasis
Angiogenesis
The enabling characteristics include the genome instability and promoting inflammation
The emerging hallmarks include deregulating cellular energetics and immune evasion

Question 2

The reasons for cancer

Answer 2

The infectious diseases and lifestyle
The papilloma virus in the cervix
The tumour initiators and promoters
The initiators include chemical carcinogens, ionizing radiation and UV radiation
Chemical carcinogens include the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and azodyes. The cytochrome P450 enzymes and they convert benzoapyrene to mutagenic BP diol epoxides.
Ionizing radiation can damage atoms with DNA or it can react with water to make radicals like hydroxyl and hydrogen peroxide
UV radiation UVA and UVB harmful. With UVB the conjugated rings in DNA bases absorb UV. The pyrimidine dimer and the DNA bend, DNA polymerase and the G to T conversion. UVA fragments water and generates radicals that damage DNA
The promoters include drugs and hormones