Appetite

Question 1

What is the process of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract?

Answer 1

food enters oral cavity and salivary glands
travels down esophagus which transports food to stomach
goes to duodenum + small intestine
then to pancreas
liver and gallbladder
large intestine or colon

Question 2

What is the stomachs function in the GI tract?

Answer 2

it acts as a storage for food
contains digestive enzymes and acids

Question 3

What is the Duodenum?

Answer 3

the entry point from stomach to small intestine

Question 4

What is the Duodenum and small intestine’s function in GI tract?

Answer 4

breaks down food into smaller contituent parts
e.g amino acids and simple sugars which pass into bloodstream and liver

Question 5

What is the pancreas role in the GI tract?

Answer 5

produces and emits digestive enzymes into small intestine

Question 6

What is the liver and gallbladders role in GI tract?

Answer 6

produces and stores bile

Question 7

What is the large intestines or colon’s role in GI tract?

Answer 7

absorbs water
breaks down waste
production of faeces

Question 8

Following digestion, What 3 ways is energy delivered to the body as?

Answer 8

lipids
amino acids
glucose

Question 9

How is the energy stored as?

Answer 9

lipids -> fats
amino acids -> proteins
glucose -> glycogen

Question 10

What is energy metabolism?

Answer 10

chemical changes which make energy available to use
has 3 phases:
- cephalic
- absorptive
- fasting

Question 11

What is the cephalic phase?

Answer 11

preparing to eat

Question 12

What is the absorptive phase?

Answer 12

energy from meal is absorbed into bloodstream to meet body’s immediate energy needs
(excess energy stored)

Question 13

What is the fasting phase?

Answer 13

unstored energy has been used energy is withdrawn to meet bodies needs

Question 14

What are the 2 main hormones controlling energy metabolism?

Answer 14

insulin
glucagon

Question 15

What phase is insulin released in and by what?

Answer 15

insulin released by pancreas during cephalic and absorptive phase

Question 16

What does insulin do?

Answer 16

Promotes storage of glucose in liver, muscles, fat tissue

Question 17

Why are insulin levels low in fasting phase?

Answer 17

because glucose stops being main source for body and is saved for the brain

Question 18

What phase in glucagon released in and by what?

Answer 18

glucagon released by pancreas during fasting phase

Question 19

What is Glucagon’s main function?

Answer 19

to trigger conversion of stored energy to useable fuel
Promotes release of fatty acids

Question 20

What is homeostasis?

Answer 20

energy balance, stable environment
Energy intake (e.g hunger) versus energy expenditure (e.g metabolic rate)

Question 21

What is homeostatic eating?

Answer 21

eating behaviour that function to produce an equilibrium / energy balance = EB

Question 22

What is homeostatic hunger?

Answer 22

chronic hunger while dieting to lose weight for an example

Question 23

What is the set point assumption?

Answer 23

where the body’s energy resources are maintained at optimal level
After eating - energy resources are close to set point

Question 24

Mayer (1955) - glucostatic set point theories

Answer 24

eating is regulated by a system designed to maintain blood glucose “set point”

Question 25

Mayer (1955) - lipostatic set point theories

Answer 25

there is a set point for body fat deviations from this produce compensatory adjustments in eating that returns to set point

Question 26

What two things does the body need for a balanced diet?

Answer 26

macronutrients and micronutrients

Question 27

What is hunger?

Answer 27

drive to consume in response to biological need

Question 28

What is satiety?

Answer 28

end state of satisfaction suppression of drive to consume after the meal

Question 29

What is released in hunger?

Answer 29

Ghrelin

Question 30

What is one problem with the set point assumption?

Answer 30

humans are not normally driven to eat by internal energy deficits anticipated incentive (reward) value of eating is critical

Question 31

What is sensory-specific satiety or the "dessert effect"?

Answer 31

the decline in pleasantness of a food makes it easy for us to eat when there's lots of variety

Question 32

What is the "appetizer effect"?

Answer 32

consumption of a palatable food produces a small increase in hunger early in meal

Question 33

What is hedonic hunger?

Answer 33

idea that human food consumption is driven by pleasure no by need for calories

Question 34

What is obesity?

Answer 34

a chronic inbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure

Question 35

What is the obesity prevalence in the UK?

Answer 35

27%

Question 36

What was the strongest impacts on child obesity?

Answer 36

large portion sizes availability of sugar-sweetened beverages food promotion/ advertising

Question 37

What is Leptin?

Answer 37

a negative feedback signal that controls levels of body fat (aka adipose tissue)

Question 38

What is the process of leptin on eating?

Answer 38

leptin released from adipose tissue stimulates leptin receptors in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of hypothalamus satiety signals released associated with decreased food intake leads to levels of adipose tissue being reduced

Question 39

What does it mean if someone produces excess leptin?

Answer 39

they show leptin insensitivity or leptin resistance people with obesity possess this

Question 40

what is the heritability rate of body weight?

Answer 40

47-90%

Question 41

what is FTO?

Answer 41

fat mass and obesity assciated gene