Sleep

Question 1

What activities can be described as variable?

Answer 1

brain wave activity
breathing
heart rate

Question 2

What activities can be described as constant?

Answer 2

temperature
blood pressure
levels of glucose

Question 3

What decreases in stages of NON-REM sleep?

Answer 3

breathing

Question 4

What increases in REM sleep?

Answer 4

rate and variability

Question 5

What are the 3 psychophysiological measures of sleep?

Answer 5

EEG
EMG
EOG

Question 6

What are EEG recordings characterised by?

Answer 6

frequency and amplitude

Question 7

What is EMG? - electromyogram

Answer 7

where electrodes are attached to the chin
monitor muscle activity

Question 8

What does EOG monitor? - Electro-oculogram

Answer 8

eye movements

Question 9

What type of waves occur when awake?

Answer 9

beta waves

Question 10

What happens In stage 1 sleep?

Answer 10

slow, light sleep
alpha brain waves
8-12 Hz
experience hypnagogic hallucinations

Question 11

What happens in stage 2 sleep?

Answer 11

body goes into deep relaxation
theta waves
sleep spindles and k-complexes
12-14 Hz waves

Question 12

What happens in stage 3 sleep?

Answer 12

delta waves (largest and slowest waves)
1-2 Hz

Question 13

What happens in stage 4 sleep?

Answer 13

slow wave sleep - like stage 3
deep sleep

Question 14

How many phases in a sleep cycle and how many cycles does it do?

Answer 14

4 phases
around 5-6 cycles

Question 15

What is REM sleep?

Answer 15

high brain activity and lack of muscles tone sleep

Question 16

What percentage of dream recalls happen during awakening from REM sleep?

Answer 16

80%

Question 17

How long does it take to get into REM sleep?

Answer 17

around 50 to 70 minutes

Question 18

What has Rem sleep been suggested to evolve with?

Answer 18

homeothermy
maintains stable internal body temperature regardless of external influence

Question 19

What are the 2 main theories of why we sleep?

Answer 19

• recuperation theories
• adaptation theories

Question 20

What are recuperation theories?

Answer 20

idea that being awake disrupts the homeostasis (stability) of the body and
sleep is required to restore it

Question 21

What are adaptation theories?

Answer 21

Sleep is the result of an internal 24-hour clock
Humans have evolved to sleep at night sleep protects us from predators during the night

Question 22

What symptoms do you get if you don’t sleep?

Answer 22

irritability
blurred vision
problems with concentration

Question 23

Case study of Randy Gardner (Dement, 1978)

Answer 23

stayed awake for 264 hours then slept for 14 hours
after first night went back to 8 hour sleep schedule
found he didn’t need to catch up on lost sleep

Question 24

What form does REM sleep tend to be in?

Answer 24

narrative form

Question 25

What type of theories have been proposed to explain mystery behind dreaming?

Answer 25

psychological neurobiological

Question 26

What is the threat-simulation theory? (psychological)

Answer 26

dreaming is a defence mechanism that prepares us for dealing with potential threatening events threats rehearsed

Question 27

What is the expectation fulfilment theory? (psychological)

Answer 27

dreaming allows for emotional arousals that haven't been expressed during the day

Question 28

What is the activation-synthesis theory? (Hobson, 1989) (neurobiological)

Answer 28

info sent to cortex during REM sleep is random dream is a result of cortex's effort to make sense of random signals

Question 29

What is the continual-activation theory? (neurobiological)

Answer 29

function of sleep is to process, encode, transfer data from STM to LTM through consolidation

Question 30

When is REM sleep compensated for?

Answer 30

after deprivation

Question 31

What percentage of NON-REM sleep naps were associated with dream experiences? (Suzuki et al, 2004)

Answer 31

18%

Question 32

What two factors regulate the amount and time of sleep?

Answer 32

homeostatic drive (bodies need for sleep) circadian rhythm (biological clock)

Question 33

How can the control of sleep be described as?

Answer 33

as being allostatic

Question 34

What is the most well-known circadian rhythm?

Answer 34

sleep-wake cycle

Question 35

What are the temporal cues in the environment called that keep circadian rhythm on schedule?

Answer 35

zeitgebers

Question 36

What is the most important zeitgeber?

Answer 36

daily cycle of light

Question 37

What type of zeitgeber is time?

Answer 37

a cognitive Zeitgeber

Question 38

What type of zeitgeber is melatonin?

Answer 38

a hormonal zeitgeber related in the daily light-sensitve cycle

Question 39

What is adenosine?

Answer 39

a substance that accumulates with waking hours and drives pressure to sleep

Question 40

What acts as the antagonist of adenosine?

Answer 40

caffeine

Question 41

What are the 5 key neurotransmitters which can influence where someone lies on the arousal spectrum?

Answer 41

ACh Norepinephrine Serotonin Histamine Orexin (hypocretin) - neuropeptide

Question 42

Lin et al (1999) study - hypocretin

Answer 42

studied narcoleptic dogs isolated gene that caused it found gene encodes a receptor that binds to neuropeptide called hypocretin

Question 43

When are Hypocretin neuorns active?

Answer 43

during wakefulness

Question 44

When are hypocretin neurons inactive?

Answer 44

during sleep