Endocrinology

Question 1

What is a hormone?

Answer 1

a chemical agent secreted by cells
slower than neurotransmitters
effects last longer

Question 2

What are neuroendocrine hormones secreted by?

Answer 2

secreted by neurons into circulating blood

Question 3

What are endocrine hormones secreted by?

Answer 3

secreted by endocrine

Question 4

What are cytokine hormones secreted by?

Answer 4

secreted by tissues

Question 5

What does lipid insoluble mean?

Answer 5

cannot travel through fat

Question 6

what hormone is an example of being lipid insoluble?

Answer 6

insulin

Question 7

What does lipid soluble mean?

Answer 7

can travel through fat

Question 8

what hormone is an example of being lipid soluble?

Answer 8

testosterone

Question 9

what do hormones bind to?

Answer 9

receptors
key and lock

Question 10

What is key and lock?

Answer 10

hormones can affect a cell only if cell has a receptor that fits

Question 11

what are receptors?

Answer 11

large proteins

Question 12

What route does lipid insoluble take?

Answer 12

via ion channels
and G protein-linked receptors

Question 13

What route does lipid soluble take?

Answer 13

via intracellular receptors acting on DNA

Question 14

What is the master hormone regulator?

Answer 14

the pituitary gland

Question 15

What can prolactin cross?

Answer 15

the blood brain barrier

Question 16

What does prolactin do?

Answer 16

it counteracts the effects of stress-related hormones

Question 17

What are the 2 metabolism-related hormones?

Answer 17

thyroid hormones
insulin

Question 18

What are thyroid hormones?

Answer 18

has widespread, slow effects throughout body
increases serotonin production

Question 19

What is hypersecretion?

Answer 19

excitation of CNS
excessive production
linked to nervousness, anxiety, paranoia

Question 20

What is hyposecretion?

Answer 20

underproduction of hormones
linked to cognitive impairment, memory deficits

Question 21

What is insulin?

Answer 21

hormone of energy abundance
allows transport of glucose into cells In presence of high blood glucose level
formation of glycogen (store) and adipose tissues (fat stores)

Question 22

What is insulin secreted by?

Answer 22

secreted from beta-cells in pancreas

Question 23

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 23

lack of insulin secretion

Question 24

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 24

decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors

Question 25

Does insulin penetrate the blood brain barrier?

Answer 25

yes

Question 26

What are the 2 stress-related hormones?

Answer 26

cortisol epinephrine (adrenlaine) norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Question 27

What are Glucocorticoids?

Answer 27

Hormones that help to cope with stress Increases glucose level (for muscles) Mobilises free fatty acids Decreases immune responses

Question 28

How long does Epinephrine and Norepinephrine survive in blood?

Answer 28

only 2 minutes

Question 29

What are 3 ways to study hormone effects on decision making?

Answer 29

look at endogenous fluctuations in hormone levels (correlation) administer exogenous hormone versus placebo combined ends and exo hormones

Question 30

What is decision making?

Answer 30

a sequence of automatic and or conscious processes leading to simple / complex decisions

Question 31

What areas of the brain are associated with decision making?

Answer 31

posterior parietal cortex orbitocortex ventromedial prefrontal

Question 32

What 3 games are used in social decision making research?

Answer 32

- ultimatum game - dictator game - trust game

Question 33

What is oxytocin?

Answer 33

a small peptide causing contractions of smooth muscles in breast and uterus a hormone of social affiliation

Question 34

Can exogenous oxytocin penetrate the blood brain barrier?

Answer 34

yes, at high doses

Question 35

Zak et al (2005) findings

Answer 35

as oxytocin levels increased so did trust an 80% increase in generosity in oxytocin compared to placebo in ultimatum

Question 36

lin et al (2013) findings on donations

Answer 36

oxytocin increases donations to public service adverts

Question 37

What do fathers with higher levels of oxytocin have?

Answer 37

less non-hostile behaviour