Drugs + Addiction

Question 1

Are AUD and SUDs a non-communicable disease?

Answer 1

yes, they are preventable

Question 2

What is phytochemistry?

Answer 2

looking at chemicals extracted by plants including the specialised compounds
humans exploited these phytochemical

Question 3

Phytochemicals act on what to produce what effect?

Answer 3

phytochemicals act on receptors to produce psychopharmacological effects

Question 4

What Phytochemical is extracted from coca leaf?

Answer 4

cocaine

Question 5

What phytochemical is extracted from tobacco plant?

Answer 5

nicotine

Question 6

What phytochemical is extracted from the opium poppy?

Answer 6

morphine, codeine, heroin

Question 7

What did Siegel (2005) say about SUD?

Answer 7

it’s a “fourth drive”

Question 8

What are the 4 ways to administer drugs?

Answer 8

oral ingestion
injection
Inhalation
absorption through mucus membranes

Question 9

What happens during oral ingestion of drugs?

Answer 9

drugs dissolve in stomach
carried to intestine
absorbed in bloodstream

Question 10

What are the effects like from oral ingestion?

Answer 10

effects are unpredictable

Question 11

Where can you inject drugs?

Answer 11

can be injected in fat under skin (subcutaneous)
in muscle (intramuscular)
in vein (intravenous)

Question 12

What are the effects like from injecting drugs?

Answer 12

fast and predictable

Question 13

What happens when you inhale drugs?

Answer 13

goes through capillaries in lungs
can cause lung damage

Question 14

What is a characteristic of drugs that are more addictive?

Answer 14

tend to have less time until psychoactive effect

Question 15

what methods of administering can be most addictive?

Answer 15

injection and inhaling compared to consuming

Question 16

How can a drug exert it’s effect?

Answer 16

by crossing the blood-brain barrier once it’s entered bloodstream after administration

Question 17

Are psychoactive drugs lipid soluble or lipid insoluble?

Answer 17

lipid soluble

Question 18

Some drugs are specific and will bind to what?

Answer 18

specific synaptic receptors

Question 19

What is tolerance?

Answer 19

a state of decreased sensitivity to a drugs that develops because of use

Question 20

What is withdrawal?

Answer 20

sudden elimination can trigger adverse reactions
Severity dependent on duration and degree of drug use and speed in which drug is eliminated from body

Question 21

What are SUDs described as?

Answer 21

a chronically relapsing disorder

Question 22

What is a SUD characterised by?

Answer 22

compulsion to seek and take
loss of control
negative emotion state

Question 23

What is the pattern of SUD and AUD?

Answer 23

experimental use
casual usage
heavy use
compulsive usage

Question 24

What does West (2006) see drug use as?

Answer 24

a cost benefit analysis
+ pleasurable, social aspects
- illness, hangover, death

Question 25

What does Leshner et al say addiction is?

Answer 25

a brain disease drugs indirectly / directly affect a pathway deep within brain

Question 26

What are the 3 reward systems in the brain?

Answer 26

mesolimbic dopamine system mesolimbic pathway mesocorticol pathway

Question 27

What is Robinson and Berridges (1993,2008) theory of addiction called?

Answer 27

incentive salience

Question 28

What is incentive salience theory?

Answer 28

dopamine is important in process of wanting drugs but not liking it dopamine attributes incentive salience (importance) to a stimulus exaggerated dopamine response manifests as incentive salience

Question 29

What process mediates classical conditioned incentive motivational processes?

Answer 29

sensitisation

Question 30

What is cognitive dysfunction aka lack of inhibitory control?

Answer 30

idea that self control becomes disminished while drug salience, learned responses and motivation to obtain drugs increase

Question 31

What is chronic drug use associated with?

Answer 31

volumetric loss of frontal lobes

Question 32

What type of studies are used to investigate substance use?

Answer 32

animal models

Question 33

What is the name of a self reported alcohol consumption test?

Answer 33

bogus taste test

Question 34

What is craving?

Answer 34

an intense desire for something

Question 35

What is the name of the two questionnaires used to look at craving for alcohol?

Answer 35

the Desire for Alcohol Questionnaire Alcohol Urge Questionnaire

Question 36

What is the issue of using students to measure alcohol usage?

Answer 36

they are overrepresented there alcohol usage is not normal

Question 37

What is the alcohol priming effect?

Answer 37

small doses of alcohol on subsequent alcohol-seeking behaviour

Question 38

what is the alcohol priming effect dependent on?

Answer 38

dose

Question 39

What did Wit and Chutuape (1993) find from dosage increase?

Answer 39

a 0.5g/kg dose increased desire for alcohol over a 0.25g/kg dose

Question 40

What does an alcohol condition look at?

Answer 40

anticipated + pharmacological effects

Question 41

What does a placebo condition look at?

Answer 41

anticipated effects

Question 42

What does a control condition look at?

Answer 42

not anticipated or pharmacological effects