Applied Anatomy And Physiology (A2) Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
Define ATP
A
The energy currency of the body, and is the only usable form of energy for muscular contraction
2
Q
What’s the structure of ATP
A
1 Adenosine
3 Triphosphate’s
Adenosine—P—P—P
3
Q
Where’s ATP stored
A
In the muscle cell
4
Q
What enzyme breaks ATP down
A
ATPase
5
Q
What’s left when ATP is broken down
A
ADP + P + Energy
This is used for muscular contraction
6
Q
What’s ADP
A
The compound formed when the terminal phosphate bond is removed from ATP
7
Q
What’s exothermic mean
A
A reaction that gives out energy
E.g. breakdown of ATP used for muscular contraction
8
Q
What’s an enzyme
A
A catalyst that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
9
Q
How’s ATP resynthesised
Formula
A
Energy + ADP + P = ATP
10
Q
How long can the body store ATP enough for
A
2-3 seconds of muscular contraction
11
Q
Describe the ATP-PC system
A
- Type of reaction= Anaerobic
- Fuel used= Phosphocreatine
- Site of reaction= Sarcoplasm
- Controlling enzyme= Creatine Kinase
- ATP yield= 1:1
- By-products= No by-product
- Intensity of system= Very high intensity
- Duration of system= 2-10 seconds
- Individual and team examples= 100m and breaking line in rugby
12
Q
Specific stages within the ATP-PC system
Look in book for enzyme
A
PC—> P + C + Energy (exothermic reaction)
Coupled reaction
Energy + ADP + P —> ATP
(endothermic reaction)
13
Q
Evaluate the ATP-PC system
Advantages and disadvantages
A
Advantages:
- PC is readily available
- Anaerobic so don’t need to wait for oxygen to be available
- Simple and quick process
- No fatiguing by-products
Disadvantages:
- Limited stores of PC (only enough enough for up to 10 seconds of activity)
- Low ATP yield (1:1)
14
Q
Describe the Glycolytic system (lactic acid system)
A
- Type of reaction= Anaerobic
- Fuel used= Glycogen/Glucose
- Site of reaction= Sarcoplasm
- Controlling enzyme= GPP, PFK, LDH
- ATP yield= 1:2 (2 ATP)
- By-products = Lactic acid
- Intensity system= High intensity
- Duration of system= 10-180 seconds
- Individual/team sport= 800m, long rally in tennis
15
Q
Specific stages in the glycolytic system
Look in book for enzymes
A
Glycogen->Glucose->Pyruvic acid + energy
Coupled reaction
Energy + 2ADP + 2P—> 2ATP
16
Q
Evaluate the Glycolytic system (lactic acid system)
A
Advantages: - Large supplies of glucose and glycogen available
- Anaerobic, so no need to wait for oxygen to be available
- Allows high intensity work for 3 mins
Disadvantages: - Build up of lactic acid as a by-product
- Low ATP yield (1:2)
- Recovery rate is slow (take up to 60 mins for lactate levels to return to resting values after strenuous activity
17
Q
Describe the Aerobic system
A
-Type of reaction= Aerobic
-Fuel used= Glycogen/Glucose and fats
-Specific site of reaction=
Stage 1= Sarcoplasm
Stage 2= Mitochondria matrix
Stage 3= Mitochondria Cristae
-Controlling enzyme= GPP and PFK
-ATP yield=
Stage 1= 2 ATP
Stage 2= 2 ATP
Stage 3= 34 ATP
-By-products= CO2 and H2O
-Intensity of system= Low-moderate intensity/sub maximal
-Duration of system= 180 seconds onwards
-Individual/team sport examples= Football player lasting 90 mins, marathon runner
18
Q
What are the 3 stages of the aerobic system
A
Stage 1= Aerobic glycolysis
Stage 2= Krebs cycle
Stage 3= ETC (Electron Transport Chain)
19
Q
Specific stages within the aerobic system
Stage 1: aerobic glycolysis
Look in book for enzymes
A
Glycogen
Glucose
Pyruvic acid + Energy(2 ATP to resynthesise)
Acetyl CoA
20
Q
Specific stages within the aerobic system
Stage 2: Kreb’s cycle
A
Acetyl CoA
Citric acid
Energy KREBS CYCLE. CO2
Hydrogen
21
Q
Specific stages of the aerobic system
Stage 3: ETC (Electron Transport Chain)
Look in book for better diagram
A
Hydrogen
(Hydrogen ion) H+. e-(electron)
+
O2
|
H2O
34 ATP to resynthesise energy
22
Q
Evaluate the aerobic system
Advantages and disadvantages
A
Advantages: - Large supplies of glucose, glycogen and fats available
- High ATP yield (1:38)
- No fatiguing by-products
Disadvantages: - Aerobic so have to wait for oxygen to be available
- Complex series of reactions
- Only work at submaximal intensity
- Takes long time to break down fats
23
Q
Define fats (also called triglycerides)
A
Provides a good fuel for the aerobic system in the form of free fatty acids (FFA’s)
24
Q
How does the aerobic system use fats as the fuel
A
1) The enzyme lipase speeds up the breakdown of triglycerides
2) To produce FFA’s and glycerol
3) FFA’s converted to Acetyl CoA
4) Acetyl CoA then continues through Kreb’s cycle and the ETC
25
Evaluate the use of fats (FFA’s) for the aerobic system
Advantages: -FFA’s produce more Acetyl CoA than Pyruvic acid
- Produce a higher ATP yield than glycogen
- Allow glycogen stores to be conserved for high intensity bursts later in performance
Disadvantages: -Requires 15% more O2 than the process of aerobic glycolysis
26
As exercise intensity increases in Glycolytic system, what else increases
The concentration of lactic acid in blood also increases
27
What intensity of exercise is it when lactic acid begins to be produced
The lactate threshold or anaerobic threshold
28
What happens when onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) occurs
The performer will begin to feel fatigued
29
What’s intermittent exercise
Exercise there the intensity repeatedly varies between maximal to submaximal to rest
30
What’s an adaptation caused by intermittent exercise
Will increase VO2 max, delaying lactate threshold
31
What’s a benefit of intermittent exercise
Has built in recovery breaks
E.g. injury breaks, ball out of play therefore replicates game sports
32
What occurs in the body during the recovery periods in intermittent exercise
- Replenish ATP and PC stores: 50% in 30 seconds , and 100% in 3 minutes
- Re-saturate myoglobin and haemoglobin
- Decrease levels of lactic acid
- Rehydrate and replenish glycogen stores
- Delay fatigue
33
Fitness levels
Advantages of increased aerobic fitness
- Increased efficiency of cardiovascular and respiratory system
- More O2 can be inspired, transported and utilised by the muscles (increased VO2 max)
- Delayed fatigue, lactate threshold and OBLA
- Athlete can switch to aerobic system sooner, starting to break down FFA’s sooner
34
Advantages of increased anaerobic fitness
- Increased PC and glycogen stores and increased tolerance to lactic acid
- So delayed threshold of anaerobic fitness allowing athlete to work at high intensity for longer
35
Other factors to aid recovery
- Position of player
- Tactics and strategies used (high press)
- Level of opposition
- Structure of game
- Natural breaks
- Warm up and cool down
36
Define acute injury
Sports injuries that occur in an instant; sudden impact
37
Define chronic injury
Sports injuries that occur over an extended period of time (tennis elbow)
38
Define Hard tissue injuries
Injury, pain or physical damage to the solid structures of the musculoskeletal system:
- Bone
- Cartilage
39
Define soft tissue injuries
Injury, pain or physical damage to the soft structures of the musculoskeletal system:
- Muscles
- Tendons
- Ligaments
40
Define concussion
Violent acceleration - deceleration force of the brain, resulting in impairment of neurological function
41
Define prehabilitation
An injury risk assessment and form of strength training that aims to prevent injuries before the actual occurrence
42
An effective ‘prehab’ plan will assess the following to help predict injury risk
- Intrinsic risk factors
- Extrinsic risk factors
- Other specifics to the athlete
43
# Define intrinsic risk factors
Identified by prehab
Factors that affect the injury risk from inside the body related to how the athlete moves
E.g. individual variable and training effects
44
How would you assess/analyse intrinsic risk factors
- By analysing the individual athletes posture and how they move by subjective observation
- These factors are controllable and will differ from person to person
E.g. muscle imbalances, previous injuries
45
# Define extrinsic risk factors
Identified by prehab
Factors that affect injury risk from outside the body
E.g. poor technique or training, incorrect kit or equipment
46
How would you assess/analyse extrinsic risk factors
Analysing the risks of the sport itself such as playing surface and the kit and equipment used
47
How would you assess/analyse other specifics to the athlete
- By analysing any additional risk specific to the athletes position if they are a games player or event if they are an athlete in an individual sport
48
Once risk assessments have taken place what happens
A specific training programme can be devised to prevent common chronic injuries and some acute injuries occurring
49
What intrinsic factors are assessed
Individual variables commonly assessed:
- Balance, strength, flexibility, core stability
- Leg length difference, posture, Nutrition, Age, injury history
50
What extrinsic factors are assessed
- Playing surfaces
- Poor technique
- Safety hazards
- Incorrect clothing
- Poor training programme
- Other players
51
Define a warm up
Activities performed before event, to prepare the body and mind for more strenuous exercise, to minimise risk of injury and optimise performance
52
3 key elements of a warm up
1) Light physical activity (pulse raiser) to elevate heart rate and blood flow
2) Dynamic stretching to mobilise joints and lengthen tendons and ligaments
3) Higher intensity sports specific movement drills to activate neural pathways and muscle movement patterns
53
Do’s and Dont’s of a warm up
Do’s= -30 mins long
-Gradually increase intensity
Donts= -Perform static stretching as that helps return muscles to resting state
54
Benefits of a warm up
- Increases heart rate, venous return, stroke volume, breathing frequency and blood flow
- Increases core body temperature, making diffusion gradient steeper, increasing efficiency of muscular contractions
- Releases synovial fluid inside joints to lubricate reducing risk of injury
- Lengthens connective tissue improving ROM
55
define a cool down
Activities performed after event to promote recovery from more strenuous activity and to allow the body to return gradually to resting state
56
2 Key elements of a cool down
Other elements included
- Light physical activity to maintain heart rate and blood flow
- Static or PNF stretching to relax and realign muscle fibres
Other elements included:
- Hydration
- Post-event food
- Cooling aids
57
Do’s and Dont’s of a cool down
Do’s: - Decrease intensity
- Perform static / PNF stretching for up to 30 mins
Dont’s: - Expect to alleviate signs of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
58
Benefits of a cool down
Light physical activity: -Maintains HR, venous return, stroke volume and blood flow preventing blood pooling in muscles and removes lactic acid promoting recovery
- Delivers oxygenated blood to muscles, ligaments and tendons to repair
Static or PNF stretching: -Relaxes muscle fibres decreasing tension in the muscle and promotes recovery and relaxation
59
Responding to injuries and medical conditions
Words for SALTAPS
```
See
Ask
Look
Touch
Active movement
Passive movement
Strength
```
60
Define SALTAPS
Assessment tool to evaluate the degree of seriousness of an acute injury
Help decide of athlete can continue or needs further medical attention
61
Words for PRICE
```
Protection
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
```
62
Define PRICE
The recommended response for managing acute soft tissue injuries during first 24-72 hours
63
6 R’s for concussion
- Recognise = learn signs and symptoms of a concussion
- Remove = must be removed from play immediately
- Refer = referred to a qualified healthcare professional to evaluate and treat
- Rest = rest from exercise until symptom free then start Graduated Return to Play(GRTP)
- Recover = full recovery required before returning to play
- Return = must be symptom free and cleared in writing by a qualified professional (doctor)
64
Define rehabilitation
Programme devised to enable the athlete to return to sport with full function in the shortest possible time
65
Without effective rehabilitation, what is the athlete prone to
- Prone to re-injury if affected area
- Incapable of performing at pre-injury standard
- Predisposed to injury in another part of the body
66
4 stages of rehabilitation
1) Initial
2) Intermediate
3) Advanced
4) Return to sport
67
Describe the initial stage of rehabilitation
Functional level of injured site
And how much sport the Athletes doing at this stage
Time of injury to the point of almost full, pain-free ROM
Functional level of injured site= Poor
Sport= Nil
68
Describe intermediate stage of rehabilitation
Functional level of injured site
How much sport is the athlete doing at this stage
Resumption of daily activities and some sporting activity, activity mainly skill related.
Functional level= Good
Sport= Isolated skills
69
Describe the advanced stage of rehabilitation
Functional level of injured site
How much sport is the athlete doing at this stage
Resumption of functional activities related to the sport
Functional level of injured site= Good
Sport= Commence sport specific drills
70
Describe the return to sport stage of rehabilitation
Functional level of injured site
How much sport is the athlete doing
Full participation in training and competition
Functional level= Good
Sport= Full
71
Therapist monitoring the rehabilitation programme by doings what
- Pain
- Range of motion
- Swelling
- Heat
- Redness
- Ability to perform exercises and functional activities
72
Site of musculoskeletal system and type of injury of:
a simple fracture
a stress fracture
Simple fracture= Bone, acute, hard tissue
Stress fracture= Bone, chronic, hard tissue
73
Site of musculoskeletal system and type of injury of:
Dislocation
Sprain
Dislocation= Joint, acute, hard tissue
Sprain= Joint (ligament), acute, soft tissue
74
Site of musculoskeletal system and type of injury of:
Torn cartilage
Exercise induced muscle damage
Torn cartilage= Joint (cartilage), Acute, Hard tissue
Exercise induced muscle damage= Muscle, acute, soft tissue
75
Difference between strain and sprain
Sprain is a tear of the ligament
Strain is a tear of the muscle or tendon
76
Hard tissue sports injury management
- Hard tissue injuries are often more serious
- Immobilise and ice
- Seek immediate medical help
- Treatment is surgery, physiotherapy, pain relief
77
Soft tissue sports injury management- there are 3 phases
What’s the first phase, and describe
1) Acute inflammatory phase (0-72 hours)
- Characterised by pain, swelling, bruising
- Treatment is PRICE, gentle massage, anti-inflammatory drugs
78
Second phase of soft tissue sports injury management
2) Repair phase (3 days-6 weeks)
- Characterised by reduced pain and swelling. Area may still be bruised or discoloured
- Treatment is stretching, massage, heat, cold and contrast therapies, pain relief, physiotherapy
79
Third phase of soft tissue sports injury management
3) Remodelling phase (6 weeks-12 months)
- Characterised by formation of scar tissue and the return to previous level of function of limb or joint
- Treatment is stretching, massage, heat, cold and contrast therapies, anti-inflammatory drugs, physiotherapy
80
What’s exercise induced muscle damage
Pain experiences after intense exercise due to microscopic tears in the muscle fibres that cause swelling and pain
- Peaks between 24-72 hours post exercise
81
Symptoms of exercise induced muscle damage
Does it need treatment and when do symptoms start disappearing
- stiffness
- soreness
Symptoms usually disappear after 5-7 days without treatment
82
Factors that can reduce muscle induced muscle damage
- a cool-down
- massage
- contrast therapies
- active non-weight exercise
83
Rehabilitation of injuries- There’s 6 different treatments of sporting injuries
Name the 6 treatments
1) stretching
2) massage
3) heat, cold and contrast therapies
4) anti-inflammatory drugs
5) physiotherapy
6) surgery
84
Describe stretching as a treatment
- ROM around a joint is restricted by injury due to...
- Benefits of stretching
- 3 types of stretching
- Precautions taken when stretching
- Range of movement around a joint is restricted by injury due to pain, swelling and shortened muscles
Benefits= -Increases flexibility
- Increases Muscle relaxation
- Decreases muscle soreness
- Improves circulation
3 types of stretching: static, dynamic and PNF
Precautions= -Don’t use stretching during acute inflammatory phase
-Take care of dynamic stretching due to risk of overstretching, only use after a warm-up and use in later stages of rehabilitation
85
What’s a massage and what’s lymphatic drainage
- Massage= Manual therapy of treating and managing soft tissue injury
- Lymphatic drainage= The carrying of waste products away from the tissues towards the heart
86
What can massages do (2 things)
Benefits of massages
- Help treat soft tissue injuries
- Reduce tension In musculoskeletal system
Benefits= -Realigns deeper layers of connective tissue
- Reduces muscle pain
- Breaks down scar tissue
- Improves circulation and blood supply to area
87
How to use massage in each of 3 phases
- Acute inflammatory phase= -Gentle-moderate Pressure, not first 48 hours
- Repair phase= -Can align the new fibres that are forming as scar tissue
- Remodelling phase= -Promote healing, Increase blood flow
88
Heat, cold and contrast therapies
Benefits and risks of heat therapy
Benefits= -Improves treatment of soft tissue injuries
- Provides pain relief
- Vasodilation of blood vessels
- Increases blood flow to injured site
Risks= -Increases bleeding and swelling if applied in first 24 hours
- Burns
Examples= Heat packs, warm shower or bath
- Apply for 15 mins
89
Benefits and risks of cold therapy
Benefits= -Provides analgesia, decreasing pain
- Vasoconstriction of blood vessels
- Decreases swelling
Risks= -Ice burns
-Superficial nerve damage
Examples= cryotherapy, ice packs, ice baths
-Apply for 5-10 mins
90
Benefits and risks of contrast therapy
Benefits= -Decreases swelling by alternating heat and cold
- Provides pain relief
- Increases blood flow to injured site
Risks= -Increases bleeding and swelling if used in first 24 hours of acute injury due to heat phase
-Burns
Examples= hot bath to cold bath, 4 mins hot/1 min cold
-repeat 3-7 times, always finish with cold to encourage vasoconstriction
91
What’s contrast therapies good treatment for
- stress fractures
- dislocation
- torn cartilage
- exercise induced muscle damage
- sprain
92
Benefits and risks of anti-inflammatory drugs
Side effects
NSAID’s (medication)
Benefits= -Block reaction of inflammation by blocking the release of chemicals and enzymes. This reduces swelling
Risks= -Can be detrimental to tissue repair as they can inhibit the natural healing process
Short term Side effects= -rashes, nausea, headache
Long term side effects= -Increased Risk of cardiovascular complications (e.g. heart attack)
Examples= aspirin and ibuprofen
93
Benefits of physiotherapy
- Helps restore movement and function after injury, also help with injury prevention
- Takes a whole person approach, treats every athlete as an individual
- Provided by specifically trained professionals
94
Physiotherapy treatments for sporting injures
- PRICE
- manual therapy including massages
- Heat, cold and contrast therapies
- Acupuncture
- Ultra-sound
95
What’s arthroscopic surgery
A type of key hole surgery used birth to diagnose and treat joint injuries.
96
What’s an arthroscope
A thin metal tube that contains a light source and camera that sends images to a screen
97
Why’s an arthroscopic surgery used
- Remove damaged tissue
- Reconstruct damaged tissue
- Realign damaged tissue
98
Sports surgery can be arthroscopic surgery or open surgery
What are the benefits arthroscopic surgery has over open surgery
- Only involves minor cut to skin
- Less pain after operation
- Faster healing time
- Athlete can go home same day as surgery
99
What’s arthroscopic surgery normally used for and what’s open surgery normal used for
- Arthroscopic surgery is normally used to view and treat joint injuries
- Open surgery is used to treat bone fractures and joint injuries. The surgeon will aim to recreate the pre-injury anatomy by repairing the damaged tissue
