Sport And Society (3.1) Flashcards
(49 cards)
1
Q
Examples of upper class and lower class sports
A
Upper class sports= Real tennis, golf, hunting (Fox)
Lower class sports= Mob football, smock racing, blood sports
2
Q
Characteristics of sport in upper class
A
- Time consuming
- Rules
- Civilised
- Frequent
- Wagering
3
Q
Characteristics of sport in lower class
A
- Occasional
- Simple/unwritten rules
- Wagering
- Uncivilised
- Infrequent
- Limited Equipment
- Rural
4
Q
Describe social class in pre-industrial Britain
A
- 2 class system (upper and lower)
- Upper has more time
- Lower class were badly paid, and often worked seasonal
- Lower class were compensated and therefore professionals
- Mixed classes in cricket
5
Q
Characteristics of lower class recreation and pastimes pre industrial Britain
A
- Occasional due to limited free time
- Local due to limited transport
- Uncoded (Limited rules, unwritten rules) as the peasantry were illiterate
6
Q
Describe Availability of time and money during pre industrial Britain
A
- Lower class= Little money and little time, less participation and shorter duration activities
- Upper class= Lots of money and more time, able to do longer sporting events
- Upper class could afford kit/facilities and had land
7
Q
Describe gender during pre industrial Britain
A
- Athletic men took part in boxing, wrestling and shooting to show physical prowess
- Upper class men and women played cricket
- Festivals like horse racing on Epsom Downs, where Upper class women go
- Archery for Upper class women
- Smock racing for lower class women
- Women prohibited from strenuous activity
8
Q
Describe law and order during pre industrial Britain
A
- Not much Law and order at all
- Games like mob football and bare knuckle fighting reflected the unruly and lawless society
9
Q
Describe education and literacy during pre industrial Britain
A
- Lower class were uneducated and illiterate
- Lower class were unsophisticated as reflected to the rules of their games
- Upper class were more refined and educated, reflected in their sports as there are much more rules (real tennis, croquet, hunting)
10
Q
Describe availability of transport and type during pre industrial Britain
A
- Lower class had to walk or get a horse and cart therefore activities were always local
- Upper class had horse drawn carriages therefore could travel further and get to sporting facilities like real tennis courts or Epsom Downs for the horse racing
- Bad roads, villages cut off, leading to localised sports and rules
11
Q
Describe social class during post industrial Britain
A
- Middle class was now formed
- Middle class were people who owned factories or were managers
- Middle class were not born into wealth
- Middle class had more time and money than lower class and sent their children to public schools, which influenced games and rules
12
Q
Describe amateurism and professionalism during post industrial Britain
A
- Amateurs were wealthy and did not need to be paid to play sports, which suited the upper class
- Professionals were lower class people were paid to improve teams but had to do the roles the wealthy people didn’t want to do
- In cricket the roles the upper class didn’t want to do were bowling and cleaning kit
13
Q
Describe gender during post industrial Britain
A
- Women were expected to have children and get married (family role)
- Women rarely had careers
- During post industrial Britain, women’s status began to change, following the Taunton Royal Commission report on secondary education, about women’s equal rights in sport a
- Women needed to do non strenuous activity
- Victorian view of women was very fragile
- Sport not suitable for women
14
Q
Describe law and order during post industrial Britain
A
- Changes in laws led to the decline of blood sports
- Upper class however held on to their sports such as fox hunting
15
Q
Describe education and literacy during post industrial Britain
A
- Child labour was common so families wanted to keep children at home to work and generate income
- 1891 education act, education became free so was now more accessible to lower classes who could then learn more sophisticated rules and sport was more widespread
- Growing presence of public schools
16
Q
Describe time and money during post industrial Britain
A
- Factory owners realised sport could keep their workers fit and healthy
- Saturday half day provided time for recreational sport
17
Q
Describe type and availability of transport during post industrial Britain
A
- Railways were developed allowing fixtures to be played further afield
- Transport before the 20th century was limited
18
Q
Describe public school influence (for middle class at post industrial Britain)
A
- Very important in developing sport
- Many went to public schools and developed rules and regulations
- Thomas Arnold, headteacher of Rugby school promoted sport. He developed the ‘House system’ and instigated prefects who organised sport
19
Q
Describe availability of time in the 20th century
A
- People had more time which was spent in leisure
- Structured sport at weekends
20
Q
Describe education/literacy in the 20th century
A
- School was compulsory for children
- PE happened for all children (military drills)
- ‘Butler act’ 1944- Education needed to be holistic and not just Maths and English (include PE)
21
Q
Describe law and order in the 20th century
A
- Hooliganism became a massive issue, which lead to growth of policing at events
- Terrorism occurred (Munich 1972)
22
Q
Describe gender in the 20th century
A
- Sport retained a Male identity
- Gradual Increase In participation for women
- Many sports were resistant to let women participate
23
Q
Describe social class in the 20th century
A
- Many sports tried to maintain traditional identity
- Football = Lower class
- Rugby/cricket = middle class
- Olympics = middle/upper class
- Spectators from all classes able to watch games
24
Q
Describe transport in 20th century
A
- Public and private transport increasingly available
- Easier to get to fixtures and easier access to facilities
- Participation in recreational sport went up
- Cars became cheaper
- Flights for international competition
25
Describe gender in the 21st century
- Difference In participation levels between males and females
- Certain sports are seen as unfeminine
- More women now involved in physical activity. More female sports televised and more female sports presenters
- More female role models, so more females participate
- Still huge pay gaps
26
Describe education in 21st century
- Compulsory education until 18
- Compulsory PE
- PE GCSE, A-level PE, and sports science degree
- Sports scholarships
27
Describe law and order in 21st century
- Less hooliganism
- Legislation to protect fans (no standing)
- Alcohol restrictions
- Banning orders (fans get banned)
28
Describe time and money in 21st century
- More Pressure on students, less free time
| - Less disposable income, due to increased cost of living, less money for sport
29
Describe transport in 21st century
- Cheaper flights
- Better road links
- Expensive trains/coaches
30
Describe social class in 21st century
- Difficult to access top level of some sports for working class (Rugby, cricket, equestrian)
- Sport can help ‘social mobility’
- Higher Social-economic status leads to higher participation
31
Amateurism and professionalism in 21st century
- Upper class are professionals as they get paid to play
- Lower class are amateurs
- Opposite to post industrial Britain
32
Globalisation of sport in 21st century
- Influence of technology
- Broadcasting
- Commercialisation (more money in sport)
- Target markets changing (worldwide audience)
- Media coverage, can access a wider audience
33
What’s the BOA
British Olympic Association
- Funds decisions
- Selection entry (chooses the teams)
34
What’s IOC
International Olympic Committee
- Made In 1894
- Runs everything
35
3 Olympic values
- Encourage effort
- Develop harmony - create friendship
- Preserve human dignity - everyone take part in sport without discrimination
36
Aims of the Olympics
- Promote physical and moral qualities
- Educate young people through sport
- Bring together athletes from around the world
- Spread Olympic principles throughout the world
37
State Olympic behaviours
- Respect
- Excellence
- Friendship
- Equality
- Inspiration
- Courage
- Determination
38
Where was the ancient Olympics and when
Athens in 8bc, first Olympics
39
Explain the Olympic background (1896)
- First modern Olympic Games held in Athens in 1896
- Pierre de courbetin was the instigator of these games a she recognised the benefit of sport in terms of education and competition
40
Name the 5 Olympic games that have important political exploitations associated with them
- Berlin, 1936
- Mexico City, 1968
- Munich, 1972
- Moscow, 1980
- LA, 1984
41
Explain Berlin 1936 Olympics, as a political exploitation
- Chance for propaganda for the Nazis
- Show supremacy for the race (nazis)
- Lutz Lang vs Jesse Owens
- Jesse Owens who was an African American won 4 gold medals
- Hitler refused shake Jesse Owens hand
42
Explain Mexico City 1968 Olympics, as a political exploitation
- South Africa not invited to Olympics due to threats of boycott from other nations, due to apartheid
- Tony Smith and John Carlos wore one black glove each and no shoes and performed Black power salute after coming 1st and 3rd, to protest civil rights in USA
- Tony Smith and John Carlos were banned from competing again
- Peter Norman was Australian and protested with them, wearing a badge, he got banned
43
Explain Munich 1972 Olympics, as a political exploitation
- Palestine terrorist attack
- 8 Palestinian terrorists took 11 Israeli athletes as hostage and murdered them at airport
- Olympic Games was postponed for 24 hours
- Led to anti terrorist group formation
44
Explain Moscow 1980 Olympics, as a political exploitation
- Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. 10 years of war followed
- 65 countries boycotted, led by Jimmy Carter
45
Explain LA 1984 Olympics, as a political exploitation
- 14 eastern-bloc countries boycotted
| - Because Jimmy Carter led the boycott of Moscow Olympics in 1980
46
Political positives and negatives of hosting a global sporting event
Positives= -Raises profile of political party in charge
-‘shop window effect’
Negatives= -Corruption
- Host city may become target for terrorists
- Environmental impacts leads to criticism
- Potential for protests
- Negative press coverage
47
Economical positives and negatives of hosting a global event
Positives= -Income to the country
- Increase in jobs
- Increase tourism, increasing revenue
Negatives= -Employment is short-term
- May cost more than it’ll raise, leaving country in debt
- Host bids are expensive
- Maintaining unused sporting facilities is expensive
48
Sporting positives and negatives of hosting a global event
Positives= -Increased coverage of wide range of sports
- Increased Number of role models
- Many inspired to participate
- Good performances can increase funding
Negatives= -Poor performances can result in decrease funding
- Poor performances can lead to negative media coverage
- Minority sports given less coverage
- Sporting injuries occur due to increased demand
49
Social positives and negatives of hosting a global event
Positives= -Increase national pride (patriotism)
- Money into local economy increases. Can help public services
- Increase in facilities
- Encourages a healthy and active nation
Negatives= -Transport links not spread equally
- Forced relocation of residents
- Worker exploitation
- General disruption (traffic)
- Population may believe money should be spent on healthcare instead of the event
