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approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

name the types of approaches

A

behaviourism
social learning theory
cognitive
biological
psychodynamic
humanistic

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2
Q

what is the behaviourist approach

A

is an approach which focuses on learning. Behaviourists believe that human behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning without the need to consider thoughts and feelings

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3
Q

how many types of conditioning are there

A

two

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4
Q

what are the types of conditioning

A

operant
classical

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5
Q

what approaches looks at types of conditioning

A

behaviourism

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6
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

is learning through reinforcement or punishment

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7
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

is when a behaviour is learnt through association

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8
Q

who studied operant condiitoning

A

skinner

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9
Q

who studies classical conditioning

A

Pavlov

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10
Q

what was pavlov procedure

A

he found that dogs salvated before seeing or smelling food

he paired UCR with a ns

over time the NS becomes a conditioned response showing the assosiation

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11
Q

what was skinner procedure into operatn conditioning

A

he placed a hungry rat in a cage with a bar and dispenser
once rat explored the cage the rat pressed the level and it released food
food acts a reward
rat learns that pulling on lever produces a positive reinforcemtn
making this behaviour more common

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12
Q

what is reinforcemtn

A

is when something strengthens a particular behaviour making it more likely to re occur

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13
Q

evaluate behaviourist approach

A

less generalisable as research is conducted on animals
high reliability as research uses standardised procedure
this approach has real life application e.g treating phobias

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14
Q

what is the social learning approach

A

is learning through observing others and imitating behaviours that are rewarded

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15
Q

name the observational learning types bandura

A

modelling
imitation
identification
vicarious reinforcemtent
mediational processes

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16
Q

what is modelling

A

is learning from a particular behaviour by observing another individual performing that behaviour

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17
Q

what is imitation

A

is the action of using someone or something as a model and copying their behaviour

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18
Q

what is identification

A

is when an individual adopts an attitude or behaviour because they want to be associated with a particular person or group

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19
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement

A

is learning which is not as a result of direct reinforcement of behaviour but through observing someone else being reinforced for that behaviour

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20
Q

what is mediational processes

A

refers to internal processes that exist between enviromental stimuli and the response made by an individual to those stimuli

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21
Q

what was the name of bandura study for SLT

A

Bobo Dolls

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22
Q

what does SLT stand for

A

social learning theory

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23
Q

what was the procedure for Bandura bobo dols

A

half of children observed aggressive adult models other half observed non aggressive models .

children were placed in a room with other toys and a bobo doll and was observed

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24
Q

what were the findings of bandura bobo dolls

A

1/3 children who observed a aggressive model reproduced a good deal or phsiclly and verbally aggressive behaviour resembling the model

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25
evaluate SLT
real life application, in understanding criminal behaviour + emphasises cognitive factors as CC and OC does not explain just human behaviour as it recognises mediational processes
26
what is the cognitive approach
focuses on how our mental processes e,g attention affects our behaviour
27
what are schemas
schemas are cognitive framework that helps organise and interpret information in the brain
28
why are schemas useful
allow us to take shortcuts when interpret large amounts of info
29
how is cognitive approach studied/explained
theocratical models computer models
30
what is a consequence of a schema
Schemas can contribute to stereotypes and make it difficult to retain new information that does not conform to our established ideas about the world
31
defintion of a theoretical model
Theoretical models suggest that the mind processes information in a systematic way.
32
example of theoretical model ?
multi store model of memory
33
defintion of comouter model
refers to the process of information of using a computer analogies as a representation of human cognition
34
what is cognitive neuroscience
is the scientific study of the underlying neural bases of cognitive functions
35
what are the ways to study cognitive neuroscience
PET scans fMRI scans
36
how does PET and fMRI scans help the emergence of cognitive neuroscience
as it helps psychologists understand how the brain supports different cognitive activities and emotions by highlighting what part of the brain becomes active in specific circumstances
37
evaluate the cognitive approach
Models have presented a useful means to help explain internal mental processes The approach provides a strong focus on internal mental processes, which behaviourists before did not. The experimental methods used by the approach are considered scientific. It could be argued that cognitive models over-simplify explanations for complex mental processes.
38
what is the biological approach
assumes that there is a direct relationship between biology and behaviour and explores how behaviour is influenced by genetics and brain anatomy
39
what is a gene
gene is a part of the chromosomes of an organisms that carries info in the form of DNA
40
what are the three assumptions of the biological approach
genes nervous system neurochemistry
41
how do genes influence our behaviour
behaviour influenced by genes which are inherited from bio parents genotypes- gentic makeup inheritied, impacts height personality
42
how does neurochemistry influence our behaviour
refers to chemical messages sent around the body- neurotransmitters some of these can impact mood
43
example on how genes influence our behaviour
twins, same characteristics mZ
44
example on how neurochemistry influences our behaviour
impacts levels of neurotransmitters low levels of serotonin leads to depression as a result impacts behaviour
45
how can the nervous system influence our behaviour
structure of nervous system - influence behaviour different parts of brain have different functions e.g control motor area
46
evaluate the biological approach
nature not nurture high validity as scientific methods controlled environments real life examples... drug treatments for disorders such as depression determinism over free will
47
who studied psychdynamic approach
sigmund freud
48
what is the psychodynamic approach
he assumed that people are born with instincts and needs that behaviour is largely controlled by the unconscious mind.
49
how many structures of personality are there
three
50
how did freud divide the mind
id ego super ego
51
what is the role of the unconscious
contains threatening and disturbing memories that have been repressed.
52
what is the ID
ID motivates you to seek pleasure
53
when did the ID develop
since birth
54
what is the ego
the ego develops after 18 months and mediates between the impulsive demands of the ID and the reality of the external world
55
what is the superego
it helps us understand the difference between what is right and what is wrong and makes us feel guilty if we do something against our moral values
56
what are defence mechanisms
are unconscious strategies that protect our conscious mind from anxiety
57
what are the examples of defence machnism
repression denial displacement
58
what is repression
refers to the unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts and impulses therefore the individual is often unaware
59
what is denial
is the refusal to accept reality so refuses to deal with the feelings associated with the event or experience
60
what is displacement
is when an individual redirects thoughts or feelings of a situation to another
61
how did freud develop personality
he believed persoanlity was developed through psychosexual stages
62
what are the psychsexual stages
oral anal phallic latent genital
63
how many psychosecual stages are there
5
64
what is the oral stage
0-1 years babies recieve pleasure from their mouth during breastfeeding and biting
65
what is the anal stage
occurs between 1-3 years the child finds pleasure and conflict related to bowel movements as this is when a child will toilet stage
66
what is the phallic stage
3-5 this is when the child focuses their pleasure on genitals boys experience Oedipus complex, a strong attraction to their mother and their father is a competitor
67
what is the latent stage
occurs between 6-12 years is when the child devlops sexual enegery acorss the body
68
what is the genital stage
12 years the sexual desire is now conscious
69
evaluate the psychdynamic approach
+ nature and nutrute interactionist + highlights importance in early childhood expierences - deterministic ignores free wil - not scientifc therefore lower validity
70
what is the humanistic approach
believes that people have control over their own behaviour and destiny known as free will
71
what are the two humanistic psychologists
maslow rogers
72
what did maslow argue
argued that there range of conditions that need to be met before self actualisation each needs to be met before moving onto the next need
73
what was Maslow hierarchy of needs
physiological safety love esteem self-sctualisatoon
74
how did rogers explain humanistic psychology
focus on the self
75
describe focus on the self
he claimed that people have 2 basic needs positive regard from other people and self worth self worth develops in childhood and interactions influence the closer ( how we percieve ourselves as a person) is to our ideal self the greater our self worth and psychological health
76
what is congruence
is when there is a similarity between our ideal self and our self concept
77
what is incongruence
occurs when there is a difference between our ideal self and our self concept
78
what therapy did rogers devlop
client centered therapry
79
what is client centered therapy which rogers developed
this therapy emphasises the importance of the present e.g now and future
80
what did client centered therapy do
helps clients achieve congruence
81
evaluate the humanistic approach
+ high validity as advocates holism as can only be understood when looking at whole person - lacks real world application since it is not scientifically proven - cultural difference between hieracy of needs

Psychology (9 decks)

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