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memory Flashcards

1
Q

how many types of memory are there

A

two

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2
Q

what are the types of memory

A

short term memory
long term memory

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3
Q

what is capacity

A

is the measure of how much info can be held in memory

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4
Q

what is duration

A

is the measure of how long memory lasts before it is no longer attractable

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5
Q

what is short term memory used for

A

for info in immediate events since it is limited

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6
Q

what is the capacity of STM

A

5-9 items

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7
Q

what is the duration of STM

A

between 18-30 seconds

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8
Q

who studied capacity of STM

A

Jacob and miller

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9
Q

evaluate Jacobs and miller study for the capacity of STM

A

the capacity may be more limited as the research was on visual info not verbal which would effect the capacity

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10
Q

who studied duration of Short term memory

A

Peterson and Peterson

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11
Q

what is the Peterson and Peterson study on duration of STM

A

pps had to countback from a 3 digit number and every 3 seconds had to stop and recall a 3 constant syllable

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12
Q

evaluate P+P study on duration of short term memory

A

the testing was artifical because it lacks real world application since it is not everyday activity

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13
Q

what is long term memory

A

is the memory of events that happened in the past

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14
Q

what is the duration of long term memory

A

unlimited

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15
Q

what is the capacity of LTM

A

unlimited

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16
Q

who studied duration of LTM

A

Bahrick et al

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17
Q

what is the procedure of Bahrick et al study on duration of LTM

A

400 people ages between 17-74
tested on their memory of classmates, by using photo recognition of 50 photos from their highschool year book

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18
Q

what is the findings of Bahrick et al study on duration of LTM

A

pps who were tested within 15 years of graduation had 90%
after 48 years only 70% accuarcy
free recall, after 15 it was 60% after 48 years it was 30%

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19
Q

what is coding

A

is the way info can be changed and stored in memory

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20
Q

how is short term memory coded

A

acoustically

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21
Q

how is long term memory coded

A

semantically

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22
Q

Who proposed the multi store model of memory

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968

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23
Q

what is the multi store model of memory

A

is an explanation of memory based on three separate memory stores and how it can be transferred between

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24
Q

name the stages of multi store model of memory

A

environmental stimuli
sensory register
attention
short term memory
maintenance rehearsal or decay
retrieval/ rehearsal
long term memory

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25
what does the sensory registor do
is where information from the sense are held
26
what is the capacity of sensory register
very large
27
what is the duration of the sensory register
milliseconds
28
What is maintenance rehearsal
is repetition of info in STM which is repeated it will be transferred to LTM
29
what is retrieval
is the process of getting info from LTM passed back through to the STM where the info is available to use
30
evaluate multi store model of memory
S- SE, from studies using brain scanning L- too simplistic as LTM uses more than maintenance rehearsal
31
who proposed the working memory model
Baddeley and hitch
32
what is the working memory model
is an explanation of memory used when working on a task
33
name the parts of the working memory model
central executive phonological loop episodic buffer visuospatial sketchpad long term memory
34
what is the capacity of the central executive
limited capacity
35
what is the central executive
it monitors and directs attention to particular tasks determining what brain slave system is allocated to the task
36
how many slave systems is there in the working memory model
three
37
what are the slave systems in the working memory model
phonological loop visuospatial sketchpad episodic buffer
38
what does the phonological loop do
deals with auditory info and preserves the order of the information
39
what does the visuospatial sketchpad do
it codes visual information in terms of separate objects and arranges the objects in ones visual field
40
when was the episodic buffer added to the working memory model
2000
41
what does the episodic buffer do
it is the general store which is used to integrate information from other stores which maintains sequence and send information to LTM
42
evaluate the working memory model
S- it shows dual task performance S- there is SE from KF whom was brain damaged L- doesnt consider other components of CE, what is CE?
43
how many types of LTM
three
44
what are the types of LTM
episodic memory semantic memory procedural memory
45
what is episodic memory
personal memories of events
46
what is semantic memory
memories of shared facts and knowledge
47
what is procedural memory
is memories on how to do things with skills
48
how many ways is there to explain forgetting
two
49
what are the ways of explanations of forgetting
retrieval failure interference
50
how many types of interference are there
two
51
what are the types of interference
proactive retroactive
52
what is interference
is an explanation for forgetting in terms of one memory distrubting the ability of recall another memory
53
what is proactive interference
is when old memories interferes with current memories
54
what is retroactive interference
is when new memories impact old memories
55
who studied retroactive interference
Mullen and students
56
what was Mullen study about retroactive interference procedure
pps were given a list of nonsense syllables to learn for 6 minutes and after retention interval had to recall performance was worse if pps were interfered between initial learning and recall
57
evaluate Mullen study of retroactive interference
artificial setting therefore it lacks real world application
58
what is retrieval failure in LTM
is when an individual is unable to retrieve info from LTM because there/ the item has insufficient cues
59
when does retrieval failure occur
it occurs due to an absence of cues
60
what are cues
cues are things that serve as a reminder
61
who studied context dependent forgetting
godden and baddley
62
Godden+Baddely study on context dependent forgetting state the procedure and the conditions
had to learn a set of words either on land or underwater then was tested 1. LL+ RL ++ 2. LL+ RU 3. LU+ RU++ 4. LU+Rl
63
Godden+Baddely study on context dependent forgetting findings
it showed that the highest recall occures when both the encoding and recall was done in the same enviroment
64
evaluate Godden+Baddely study on context dependent forgetting
high reliability as there is supporting evidence real world application
65
what impacts eye witness testimony
misleading information post event discussion leading questions
66
what is eye witness testimony
is the evidence provided in court by a person who witnessed the crime
67
what is miss leading info
is suppling info that may lead to witnesses memory for a crime to be altered
68
what is post event discussion
is a conversation between co witnesses and interviewer and eye witness after a crime has happened may contaminate a witness memory for the event
69
what are leading questions
are question as that by its former content suggests to witness what answer is desired
70
who studied leading questions
Loftus and Palmer
71
what is the Aim of Loftus and Palmer study on leading questions
aim is to test whether language in EWT can alter memory.
72
what are the results of procedure 1
as the intensity of the verb increased in the question, the estimate of the speed increased e.g contracted 31.8mph smashed 40.8mph
73
what is Procedure of experiment 1of Loftus and Palmer study on leading questions
45 pps watched film clips of car crash and asked LQ ' how fast were the cars driving' 5 groups of pps each given a different verb
74
what is Procedure of experiment 2 of Loftus and Palmer study on leading questions
new pps, divided into 3 groups shown a clip of car crash asked questions about speed pps returned a week later and asked di they see any broken glass
75
what are the results of experiment 1of Loftus and Palmer study on leading questions
it showed that leading questions did change the memory pps had on an events
76
evaluate Loftus and palmer study on leading questions
ethical issues -L S- real world application as it helps out criminal justice system
77
what impacts the accuracy of EWT
anxiety cognitive interview
78
what is anxiety
is an unpleasant emotional state that is often accompanied by increased heart, breathing rate
79
how many effects does anxiety have
two
80
what are the effects of anxiety
positive effect negative effect
81
how does anxiety impact eye witness testimony positively
anxiety creates more enduring and accurate memories
82
who studied anxiety on eye witness testimony
Johnson and Scott
82
what is the procedure of Johnson + Scott study on anxiety impacting EWT
lap experiment pps heard an argument in next room LA- man walked through carring pen + greasy hands HA- heard sounds of broken glass, man carried knife covered in blood pps had to pick the man out of 50 photos
82
how does anxiety impact eye witness testimony negatively
it impacts memory and performance of eye witness testimony
83
what is the findings of Johnson + Scott study on anxiety impacting EWT
LA- 49% correct HA- 33% correct
84
evaluate Johnson + Scott study on anxiety impacting EWT
lacks ecological validity because they may of anticipated that something was going to happen. Also this setting does not represent real-life cases of extreme anxiety. ethical issues, pps were decieved about the nature of the experiment and they were not protected from harm
85
what is the cognitive interview
is a police technique for interviewing witnesses which encourages them to recreate the original context which increases the accessibility of stored info
86
how many components of CI are there ?
four
87
what the component of the CI
1. reinstate the orginal context 2. report everything 3. change order of the events 4. change perspectives
88
evaluate the cognitive interview
L- individual differences L- time consuming, requires training which is expensive however more accurate findings for our criminal justice system S- meta analysis on SE of CI effectivness

Psychology (9 decks)

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