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research methods Flashcards

1
Q

name types of experiments

A

lab
field
natural
quasi

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2
Q

what is a lab experiment

A

is an experiment within a control setting therefore the research has control over variables in the study since it is uses a standardised procedure

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3
Q

evaluate lab experiment

A

high reliability as uses standardised procedure so it is easy to repeat the study

pps are aware they are in experiment so may change behaviour and show demand characteristics

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4
Q

what is a field experiment

A

is when the experiment is conducted in a natural setting such as a shop or school

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5
Q

evaluate field experiment

A

increase validity as behaviour is more natural therefore can be more generalised

pps not aware their in an experiment so does not show demand characteristics

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6
Q

what is a natural experiment

A

is an experiment where the IV has not been directly manipulated by the researcher, but records the effects of IV on DV

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7
Q

evaluate natural experiment

A

does not show demand characteristics

low reliability as the study can be replicated

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8
Q

what is a quasi experiment

A

is an experiment where pps cannot be randomly assigned to the IV

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9
Q

what is observation

A

observation is a non experimental technique where the research watched pps behaviour without manipulating the level of IV

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10
Q

name types of observations

A

controlled
natural
overt
covert
participants
non participants

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11
Q

what is a controlled observation

A

when we control the situation the pps experience and record behaviours. In lab with control variables

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12
Q

evaluate controlled observation

A

high reliability standardised procedures

the environment is artificial therefore findings may be unnatural behaviour

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13
Q

what is a naturalistic observation

A

is when pps are observed in an normal environment

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14
Q

evaluate naturalistic observation

A

high realism as pps show more realistic behaviour therefore able to be generalised

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15
Q

what is an overt observation

A

is when pps can see the research they know they are being observed

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16
Q

evaluate overt observation

A

it is ethical as pps give consent

there is soical desirability bias

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17
Q

what is covert observation

A

is when pps are not aware they are being observed as they can not see the researcher

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18
Q

evaluate covert observation

A

it is free from demand characteristics

unethical no consent is given

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19
Q

what is participant observation

A

is when the researcher joins the group that they are studying in the activity or task

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20
Q

evaluate pps observation

A

may lead to pps behaviouring naturally

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21
Q

what is non pps observation

A

is when the researcher is seperate from the pps recording observation

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22
Q

evaluate non pps observation

A

loose trust so behaviour may be unrealistic

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23
Q

what is self report technique

A

is a research technique when a pps reveal personal info about themselfs in response to questions

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24
Q

name self report technique

A

interviews
questionaires

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25
what is a interview
is when pps give info in response to direct questioning from researcher
26
what is questionaire
is when pps give info in response to a set of questuons which are sent to them
27
how many types of questions which can be asked
two
28
what are the types of questions
open closed
29
what is open questions
is when pps are able to answer in any way they choose
30
what data is produced in open questions
qualitive data
31
evaluate open questions
more truthful detailed answers
32
what are closed questions
is when pps have fixed choices of answers
33
what data is produced in closed questions
quantitive
34
evaluate closed questions
easy to anlysis as can compared data sets
35
how many interview designs are there
three
36
what are the interview designs
structured unstructured semi structured
37
what is a structured interview
is when the questions asked are prepared and the same for everyone
38
evaluate structured interview
the interview does not have to be highly trained the data is easily compared
39
what is an unstructured interview
is when there is not a set of questions asked therefore the interview is informal
40
evaluate unstructured interview
hard to compared between pps can ask follow up questions
41
what is a semi structure interview
is a combination of prepar5ed questions with the ability to ask additional questions
42
evaluate semi structure interview
easy to compare pps as same quesstions are used highly trained interviewers are required
43
evaluate self report techniques
easy to replicate easy to analyse data social desirability bias
44
what is a correlation
is when two co varibales are measured and compared to look for a relationships
45
example of co varibales
age height
46
what graph are correlations displayed in
scattergrams
47
what is a scattergram
is a graph used to plot the measurements of two co variables
48
how many types of correlation are there
three
49
what are the types of correlation
positive negative no correlation
50
what is a positive correlation
positive correlation is when one co variable increases then the other co variable increases
51
what is negative correlation
is when one co variable increases the other decreases
52
what is no correlation
is when there is no relationship between the co variables
53
evaluate correlations
it does not show causation
54
how many types of data are there
two
55
name the types of data
quantitive qualitive
56
what is quantitive data
is a numerical data
57
what is qualitive data
non numerical data
58
what is an aim
is a clearly phrased general statement about what the investor intends to research
59
what is a hypothesis
is a precise testable statement including the levels of iv and dv statement of fact
60
name types of hypothesis
null alternative
61
what is null hypothesis
states that there is no difference
62
what is alternative hypothesis
there is a difference in the measurement of the DV as a result of manipulation of IV
63
what are the ways that hypothesis can be written
directional non directional
64
what is a directional hypothesis
states there is a difference in the measurement of the DV and the direction which the results will go
65
what is a non directional hypothesis
states there is a difference in the measurement of the DV
66
how many types of sampling are there
five
67
what is random sampling
is when each member of target population has same properbilty of being in the study e.g putting names in hat
68
evaluate random sampling
avoids researcher bias time consuming could be unrepresented sample
69
what is systematic sampling
is when the pps are chose from a list of the TP every nth pps is chosen to form sample
70
evaluate systematic sampling
avoids researcher bias unrepresentative sample maybe
71
what is opportunity sampling
is when researchers directly asks available members of target population to take part in research
72
evaluate opportunity sampling
cheaper and faster way to collect sample has researcher bias
73
what is volunteer sampling
is when pps offer to take part after finding out about the research e.g seeing an advert
74
evaluate volunteer sampling
is an easy way to find sample volunteer bias cant be generalised
75
what is stratified sampling
is by selecting pps withing a strata
76
evaluate stratified sampling
may have research bias when picking what strata represntative and generalisable to TP
77
name the expieremental designs
repeated measure design independent group design matched pairs design
78
what is repeated measures design
is when the same pps complete two levels or more of the IV e.g both condition a and b
79
evaluate rmd
demand characterisitcs the aim may be found
80
what is the independent group design
is when the sample is randomly divided into two groups
81
what is matched pairs design
is when pairs of pps are matched in terms of key variables such as IQ
82
evaluate MPD
takes longer needds more pps in sampe
83
name variables
IV DV co variables extranous variables confounding variables
84
what is IV
is the variable that the researcher manipulates
85
what is the DV
is what is measured when the IV is manipulated
86
what are extranous variables
is any variables that may influence the measurements of the DV e.g demand characteristics
87
what are con founding variables
is a variable that changes systematically between the levels of measurements
88
list ethical guidelines
informed consent right to withdraw debreif protection from harm decieved confidentiality
89
what is peer review
is when a study is assesed by people who are expects in the same subject area as the author
90
evaluate peer review
ensures that the work is high quality
91
what is economy
is the production and consumption of goods and services
92
what is reliabilty
is when findings are consistent
93
what is validity
refers to whether an observed effect is a genuine sone
94
what are the types of validity
internal external
95
evaluate quantitive
easy to analyse tends to be more relaible
96
evaluate qualitive data
provides detailed data
97
what is primary data
is data which is collected first hands such as interviews
98
what is secondary data
is data which has previously been collected by third party
99
evaluate primary data
costly and time consuming but more valid
100
evaluate secondary data
easier to anaylyse therefore reduces cost and time decrease validity as can not guarntee results are free from bias
101
what is the mode
is most frequent value in quantitive data set
102
what is median
calculated by ording values low to high using the middle value
103
what is the mean
is when you add up all scored and divided by the number of values
104
what is the range
subtract smallest from largest
105
what is stardard deviation
shows the spread of the set of data
106
what are the descriptive statistics
mode median mean range standard deviation
107
what does higher deviation mean
wider seperation
108
what are the level of measurement
nominal ordinal interval
109
what is nominal data
is category data
110
what is ordinal data
is when data has a natural order 1st 2nd 3rd
111
what is interval data
is when data has same distance between each point

Psychology (9 decks)

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