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schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

what is schizophrenia

A

it is a type of psychosis
severe mental disorder
where thoughts and emotions are so impaired that contact is lost with external validity

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2
Q

how many people are diganosed with schizophrenia

A

it affects 1% of the population

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3
Q

when are people likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia

A

aged between 12-35 years

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4
Q

how is schizophrenia diagnosed

A

a clinician would use a diagnostic manual such as DSM-V

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5
Q

what’s the criteria to be diagnosed

A

a patient needs to have two or more of the following which is present for a significant portion of time

  1. delusions
  2. hallucinations
    3.disorganised speech
  3. disorganised behaviour
  4. negative symptoms
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6
Q

name the types of symptoms of schizophrenia

A

positive and negative

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7
Q

what are positive symptoms

A

refer to those that appear to reflect an excess or distortion of normal functions

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8
Q

e.g of positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

hallucinations
disorganised behaviour- poor hygiene
delusions
disorganised speech

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9
Q

what are negative symptoms

A

are those to appear to reflect a reduction or loss of normal functions

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10
Q

examples of negative symptoms

A

speech poverty
avolition
blunt emotional response

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11
Q

what is speech povety

A

is when the speech lessens in fluency and productivity

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12
Q

what is avolitation

A

reduction of interests and desires

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13
Q

what is blunt emotional response

A

lack of eye contact

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14
Q

who studied reliability of schizophrenia

A

rosenhan study

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15
Q

what did rosenhan study show

A

that it is not very reliable as they had no symptoms but still 21% were diagnosed

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16
Q

how did culture effect reliability

A

Copeland asked 134 US and 194 UK psychiatrists to diagnose a patient based on description

69% of US doctors confirmed a diagnosis of schizophrenia whereas only 2% of Uk did.

This shows that there is culture differences in diagnose of patients which impacts the reliabloty of diagnosing schizophrenia

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17
Q

what is validity

A

is the extent that something is real

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18
Q

what is gender bias

A

is the norm which is based on the sterotypes of mentally healthy white males which are known as androcentric

this impacts the diagnosis and accuracy of judgement

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19
Q

what is co morbidity

A

refers to the extent that 2 conditions occur simultaneously in a patient

e.g schizophrenia and OCD are often found together due to the same neurotransmitters

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20
Q

evaluate gender bias

A

researchers often show gender bias

females 20%
males 56%
shows that there is unconscious bias when diagnosing

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21
Q

what are adoption studies

A

they allow the research to study enviromental as well as biological effects

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22
Q

who conducted an adoption study

Study These Flashcards
A

tienari et al 1991

23
Q

what was the procedure on tienari et al

Study These Flashcards
A

twins from biological families with SZ that adopted are studied

twins from bio families without SZ are the control group

the families which they are adoppted into have no SZ

24
Q

what were the findings of the tienari et al

Study These Flashcards
A

6.7% of the group with the SZ parents develop SZ

the second group showed 2%

25
who conducted a family study
gottesman
26
what was the findings
the closer in relation the higher the risk both parents have SZ - 46% one parent have SZ - 13% siblings to sibling - 9%
27
evaluate adoption and family studies into schizophrenia
none of the findings are a 100% so can not be the only explanation parenting influences it such as behaviourism with reinforcemtn
28
what are the biological explanations of schizphrenia
neural genetic biochemical
29
who studied twin studies for genetics as a biological explanation for schizophrenia
Joesph 2004
30
what did joesph do and find and evaluate
studied MZ and DZ twins found that MZ twins have a 40.4 concordance rate found that DZ twins have 7.4% which was the same that Gottesman found A03: amount of twins with SZ parents is small, amount of MZ twins with SZ parents are even smaller therefore the sample is small with low validity
31
explain the biochemical explanation of schizophrenia ?
this is the dopaminergic activity - as the brain requires neurotransmitters to pass on flawless messages. e.g of a neurotransmitter is dopamine which is involved in schizophrenia the amount of dopamine impacts schizophrenia this is either too little or too much dopamine.
32
what happens when there is an excess amount of dopamine
when the neurons are firing too often this causes postivie symptoms of schizophrenia such as delusions
33
what happens when there is a deficit of dopamine in the dopaminergic activity
it leads to negative symptoms occuring such as speech poverty
34
what drug increases the dopaminergic activity
agonists, increase level of dopamine leading to positive symptoms e.g hallucinations
35
what drug is involved in decreasing dopaminergic activity
anti- psychotic's this drug blocks dopamine which slows down messengers reducing symptoms this is supported as 2/3 of sz patient have had positive expierence using anti psychotics. this shows that there is a dopamine involvement in SZ
36
A03 of dopaminergic activity
A strength is that Clozapine ( antipsychotic) occupies the dopamine receptor sites therefore blocks dopamine and is effected SE- meta analysis of 212 studies which showed that the drug is mostly effect A limitiation is that it is biologically reductionist as it only considers dopamine therefore it over simplifies it showing that there are other factors
37
name the two psychological explanation
family dysfunction e.g double bind theory e.g expressed emotion dysfunctional thought processing
38
what is family dysfunction
it is a psychological explanation of schizophrenia which suggests that abnormal communication/ relationships within the family results in symptoms and relapse rates
39
what is the double bind theory
is when an individual is receiving one message which invalidates the other. - e.g mixed messages if this continues it can trigger SZ and symptoms
40
evaluate the double bind theory
it is environmentally determinism this means that the theory only considers how a persons upbringing is the reason for an individual to gain or trigger a replace of SZ nuture side of the debate ignores biological factors such as imblances of chemical messages
41
what is expressed emotion
this is a negative climate. families with EE: 1. talk more, listen less 2. over involved 3. critical and hostile this leads to stress and therefore reduces our coping mechanism triggering negative symptoms of schizophrenia
42
evaluate expressed emotion
nature side - ignores bio
43
what is the cognitive explanation of schizophrenia
suggests that schizophrenia is due to the individual though processing not working properly e.g being dysfunctional
44
what are delusions characteristics
is when out interpretations are inadequate or biased egocentric, links to them often jumps to conclusion
45
what are hallucinations characteristics
when excessive attention paid to auditory stimuli hard to seperate ideas about themselves from sensory input reality checking is absent
46
what does CBTp stand for
cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis
47
what are the therapies which an individual may be offered if they have schizophrenia
family therapy CBTp
48
A01 of cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis
it is used for SZ symptoms which are persistent e.g negative symptoms it is only used when taking antipsychotic medication as it is a long term treatment it is used in a group or 1;1, the purpose is to reframe reality recommended 16 sessions
49
what is the process of CBTp
assessment - goals engagement - empathy abc model - normalisation - understand not alone critical collaboration - reframe reality alternative explanation - beliefs
50
evaluate the CBTp
+ NICE, showed that it is effective to reduce symptoms and readmissions although it is based on patients with antipsychotics therefore not assessing independence effectivness. does not show cause + effect - a limitiation is tjat it is only available to 1;10 who those who need it
51
what is family therapy
its a range of interventions aimed at the family with someone with Schizophrenia. provides guidance on treatment, management of SZ interventions should be a priority when there are persistence symptoms which increases the risk of relapse
52
how does family therapy work
it attempts to reduce the risk of schizophrenia
53
who should have family therapy
offered to all individuals with SZ who live with family members
54
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Psychology (9 decks)

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