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Resesrch Methods Test Flashcards

1
Q

Name types of validity

A

Internal and external

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2
Q

What is internal validity

A

It is when the study measures what it claims to measure and extraneous variables are controlled

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3
Q

What is external validity

A

It is when the results of the study generalised to other situations and people

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4
Q

How many types of external validity

A

There are three

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5
Q

What is ecological validity?

A

Is when The results of a study can be generalised to how people behave in every day life

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6
Q

What is temporal validity

A

Is when results of study generalise accross time

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7
Q

What is population validity

A

Is when the results of the study generalise to other populations

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8
Q

Name types of external validity

A

Ecological
Temporal
Population

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9
Q

What is sampling

A

Sampling is when researchers pick a sample from a population
A good sample is representative of the population

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10
Q

Name the types of sambling

A

Volunteer
opportunity
systematic
Random
stratified

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11
Q

what is volunteer sampling

A

is when a research posts an advert and people volunteer to be pps in a study

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12
Q

what is opportunity sampling

A

is when a researcher approached memebetrs of the population who are willing and avaible to be pps

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13
Q

what is systematic sampling

A

is when researcher select every nth from the population

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14
Q

what is random sambling

A

is when a researcher chooses pps from random e.g picking numbers of hat
this means every member of the population as the same chance of being picked for the study

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15
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

is when researchers sample so that their sample has the same portion of each sub groups of the total population

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16
Q

A03 of volunteer sampling

A

quick and easy
but sample is less represntitive e.g volunteer bias

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17
Q

A03 of opportunity sampling

A

quick and easy
but sample is less representative

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18
Q

A03 of sustematic sampling

A

it is likely to lead to a more representative sample as it involves sampling from the total population
but this sampling is more diffiuclt as it requries a list of the entire population

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19
Q

A03 of random sampling

A

it is likely to be representative as everyone has equal chance of being included but not fully representative

however it is difficult as you will need a way of randomising, more steps involved therefore may be more time consuming

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20
Q

A03 of stratified sampling

A

more representative and will look like the population so the study’s findings should be able to be generalised
this means higher population validity

researchers may find it difficult and time consuming

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21
Q

5 ethical guidelines in psychology

A

informed consent
deceptions
protection from harm
right to withdraw
confidentiality

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22
Q

what is informed consent

A

pps must give a written aggrement to take part in study and fully study what the study involves

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23
Q

what is deception

A

researchers should avoid deception which is when pps are told things about the study which is not true.

more serious deception the more unethical

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24
Q

what is protection from harm

A

researchers must make sure that the pps are in no more physcial and emotional than in their normal everyday life

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25
what is right to withdraw
pps have a right to quit a study and the researcher must communicate this right to them
26
what is confidentiality
researcher must keep the identity of their pps anonymous e.g use numbers not names
27
name types of expierement
Lab field quasi natural
28
what is an expeieremt
is a study that investigates cause and effect by comparing the effect of the IV and DV this means having experimental groups which receive different levels of the IV
29
how many types of expierment
four
30
what is a lab expierement
is when the IV is manipulated in an artifical controlled enviroment
31
what is a field expierement
is when the IV is manipulated in a natural everyday life setting
32
what is a quasi experiment
is when the IV is something which is naturally occurring
33
evaluate lab expieremtn
there is high control over extraneous variables leads to high internal validity there is a clear cause and effect relationship between the IV and DV can be established the study may have low ecological validity as the behaviour of the pps may not be able to be generalised as it was found from an artifical setting
34
evaluate field expieremtn
has higher ecological validity than Lab as it is in a natural enviroment
35
evaluate quasi expieremrnts
allow researchers to study IV that cant be studied in lab or field experiements but has confounding variables which reduced internal validity
36
evaluate natural experiments
enables researcher to study IV that would be unethical to investigate in other types of experiments lack of control over extraneous variables
37
name expieremental designs
38
what is RMD
is when the same pps take part in all expieremental conditions
39
what is independent group design
researchers allocated different pps to each groups researcher normally use random allocation
40
what is matched pairs
researchers match pps from the control groups to a particular pps variable control and expieremental group would have same distrubtion of age
41
AO3 of matched pairs
matching for some pps variables we control variable which increases internal validity however it is time consuming and we cant match pps on every possible pps variable
42
AO3 of RMD
A limitation is pps are likely to show demand characteristics this is because they have repeated the same study multiple times
43
non expieremental method
are studys that dont investigate cause and effect relationships and dont have an IV
44
name non expieremental methods
single variable methods correlational studies case studies
45
what is a single varibale study
measures a single variable e.g most popular ice cream flavour
46
what is a correlational study
is a study which measured two variables and looking at whether they share an association e.g postive or negative correlation
47
what is a case study
is a detailed investigation into a singled individuals or small group of individuals
48
AO3 of correlational studies
often more pratical as it is less likely to be unethical compared to expierements but this study doesnt show the cause of the relationship
49
A03 of case studies
+ give researchers of gathering high detail of an individuals person + they provide a way of studying rare situations - cant be used to establish cause and effect - may not generalise to other people
50
what is a self report technique
is when pps are asked to provide informations about their own thoughts, feelings and behaviours
51
name the two self report technique
interviews and questionaires
52
types of interviews
structured, all questions decided in advance unstrured, the interview may add additonal questions
53
name ways in which questions are designed in questionaires
closed and open questiosn
54
AO3 of self report technique
- people arent always accurate or objective when they provide information - social desirability bias in order to avoid judgement
55
A03 of structures interview
more rleiable
56
A03 of unstructures
enable researchers to gain more information from their pps
57
what is observational techniques
is when researchers observe pps and measure or record their behaviour
58
what is a pilot study
is a small scale study of pps to identify potential flaws in an expierement
59
what is a peer review
is the process where other researchers in the field to review, critice and suggest improvements for a report before it is publisjed
60
AO3 of peer review
+ protects society from bad research + helps researcher to constantly improve their research - reviewers might not always be very objective due to personal bias
61
how can you analayse qualitive data
thematic anaylsis content analysis
62
what is content analysis
is an observational study in which behaviours is usually observed indirectly visual written or verbal material
63
what does content analysis involve
establishing coding units before a researcher looks through the data counting up whenever a coding unit appears in the data turning qualitive into quantitive
64
how to write a consent from
use bullet points 1. states the purpose of the study 1. explain what will happen to the pps e.g method 1. how long with the study last 2. ethical guidelines right to withdraw, how there data will be used and will ensure confidentiallity informed consent, debrief please dont hesitate to contac if you have any questions please sign here

Psychology (9 decks)

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