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attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

who studied animal studies of attachment

A

lorenz
harlow

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2
Q

what is imprinting

A

is an innate readiness to develop a strong bond with the mother which takes place during a specific time in development

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3
Q

who studied imprinting

A

Lorenz

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4
Q

what was lorenz procedure

A

took a clutch of gooslings eggs and divided into two groups
1. left to hatch naturally with mother
2. left to hatch in an incubator
the first thing they saw when hatched was lorenz

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5
Q

what were the findings of lorenz

A

the goslings hatched by mother followed her
the goslings hatched in incubator followed him showing imprinting
goslings have a critical period of 32 hours if they done see a moving object within 32 unable to imprint

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6
Q

evaluate lorenz study

A

SE, other studies showed imprinting in animals e.g guitan with chicks and gloves

animals vs human cant be generalised

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7
Q

what did harlow study

A

tested cupboard love theory

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8
Q

what was harlow procedure

A

8 monkeys were removed after birth and put in cage
there was two wire mother
1. wire and bottle of milk
2. cloth mother and no food
the time the monkey spent with each mother was record
they frighted the monky with a mechanical monkey to see which mother they would go to

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9
Q

what were the findings of harlow study

A

all 8 monkeys spent the most time with the cloth mother and only went to the wire mother for food
when frighted went to the cloth mother

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10
Q

evaluate harlow study

A

not generalisable as humans and animals are biologicall different but monkeys are the closest animal
ethical issues on the monkeys as there was emotional harm since it will impact monkeys future relationship

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11
Q

how can attachment be explained

A

learning theory

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12
Q

what does the learning theory propose about attachment

A

proposes that all behaviour is learnt rather than inborn
attachment forms to caregiver since it provides food

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13
Q

what is the two conditons in learning theory to explain attachment

A

operant
classical

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14
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

is when behaviour is learnt due to assosiation

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15
Q

how is classcial conditionng used in learning theory to explain attachment

A

cuboard love theory
food (US) provides pleasure (UR)
food and mother provides pleasure
this conditions the mother with association with food to form the attachment

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16
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

is when a behaviour is learnt through reinforcement

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17
Q

what are the types of reinforcement

A

positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement

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18
Q

what is positive reinforcement

A

is when behaviour is more likely when receiving a stimuli

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19
Q

what is negative reinforcement

A

is when behaviour is more likely when removing stimuli

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20
Q

evaluate the learning theory as an explanation of attachment

A

the behaviourst principles used to explain attachment have SE
it is environmentally reductionist because parents would say their attachment is more than just because of providing food

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21
Q

what is attachment

A

is an emotional bond between two people which leads to certain

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22
Q

what are the caregiver infant interactions

A

reciprocity
interactional synchrony

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23
Q

what is reciprocity

A

is when a behaviour occurs due to a response of another persons behaviour

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24
Q

what is interactional synchrony

A

is when two people interact they tend to mirror what the other is doing in terms of facial and body movements

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25
whats imitation
is when the infant directly copies the caregiver expression
26
evaluate caregiver infant interactions
individual differences problems with testings infants behaviour because infants constant motion its hard to distingish general and imitated behavour, decreased validity
27
who studied the stages of attachement
Schaffer
28
how many stages of attachment are there
four
29
what are the stages of attachment
1. asocial 2. indiscrimiate 3. specific 4. multiple
30
what is asocial attachment
happens between 0-6 weeks babies display inate behaviours to any potential caregiver, anyone can comfort them
31
what is indiscrimate attachment
happens between 6weeks-7months is when infants can tell a difference between familiar and non familiar people
32
what is specific attachment
occurs between 7-9 months infants form a strong attachment to primary care giver seperation and stranger anxiety develop
33
what is multiple attachment
9 monhs+ is when an infant develops additional attachments to other regular caregivers stranger anxiety decreases
34
evaluate the stages of attachment
unreliable data as it was based on mothers reports of their infants which challeges the validity of data biased sample only on working class population finding may vary in different social groups
35
what are the two ways attachment can be explained
learning theory monotropic theory
36
what is bowlbys monotopic theory
he proposed that human infants have an innate tendency to form attachments to their primary care given
37
what does ascmi stand for
adaptive social releasers critical period monotropy internal working model
38
what is the believed critical period of attachment
3-6 months but up to 2years
39
evaluate bowblys theory
Se by grossman and grossman shows that one attachments does lead to another
40
what was the aim of ainsworth strange situation
to identify shared behaviours in different attacment types
41
what is strange situation
is a controlled onbservation designed to test attachment secruity
42
what is the procedure of ainsworth strange situation
eight episodes where either a carefiver and stranger either stay or leave the infant it tests seperation anxiety and reunion behaviour and stranger anxiety data observed by a group of observers
43
what are the findings of ainsworth strange situation
62% were secure attachment 22% insecure avoidant 12% insecure resistant
44
what is secure attachment
is when there is a strong and contented attachment to caregiver
45
name characteristics of secure attachment
moderate stranger anxiety, no seperation anxiety and high reunion joy
46
what is insecure attachment
is an infant who avoids social interaction with others
47
what are characteristics
low stranger anxiety no seperation anxiety
48
what is insecure resistance
infants who seeks and reject social interaction
49
characteristics of insecure resistance
high seperation and stranger anxiety
50
evaluate ainsworth strange situation
high reliability as it can be replicated due to standardised procedure as control variables cultural bias done in america cant be generalised
51
who studies cultural variations of attachment
Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg
52
what was the procedure of Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg study
meta anaylsis of 32 studies from 8 contries all srudies used strange situation
53
what were the findings from Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg study
secure attachment most common in all countries IR least common avoidant was more common in western countries and resistant more common in non-western
54
what were the conclusions of Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg study
there are variations of attachment types in different countries due to variations of parenting styles
55
evaluate Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg study
- one one study included so not represative of countries population - culutural bias + high validiy since it has large sample size as it is a meta anaysis
56
what is deprivation
is to lose something`
57
what did bowlbys theory of maternal deprivations propose
propsed that prolonged emotional deprivation would have long term consquences in terms of emotional development
58
what are the consequences of deprivation
delinquency due to disrupted social development low IQ due to intellectual development impacted
59
what was the 44 thieves study procedure
44 criminal teens accused of stealing were interviewed for signs of affectionless psychpathy e.g lack of guilty empathy etc families were interviwed wether thieves had prolonged early seperation from mothers
60
what did the 44 thieves study study
studied the correlation of affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation
61
what was the findings from the 44 thieves study and what was the conclusion
14 thieves described as affectionless psychpathy and 12 had seperation from mothers concludes that there is a correlation between prolonged early deprivation from mothers which causes affectionless psychopathy
62
what is insitutionalisation
refers to children being brought up under state care e.g children homes, these enviroments can alfter behaviours and impacts future
63
what is privation
is a total lack of care so no ability to form an attachment bond
64
who and what was the study of effects of institutionalisation
Rutter romanian orphans
65
what was the procedure of romanian orphans
165 romaniam children who suffered effects of care adopted by uk families physical,cognitive, emotional development was assessed at 4,6,11,15,22-25 contol group of 52 from uk were adopted same time
66
what were the findings from romanian orphans study
half of adoptees showed delayed intellectual development majority were undernourished
67
evaluate romanian orphan study
the unusual situation variables mean the study may lack generalisability
68
who studied the influence of early attachment
hazen and shaver
69
what was the procedure of hazen and shaver study
620 responses to a love quiz
70
what were the findings of hazen and shaver study
positive correlation between attachment types and love expierences
71
evaluate the findings of hazen and shaver study
it relies on pps being honest about their attachment types from childhood decrease reliabilty

Psychology (9 decks)

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