approaches Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
What to know for Behaviorist approach
A
assumptions- classical conditioning- Operant conditioning
2
Q
Assumptions of the behaviorist approach
A
- Only behavior that is observed
- BEHAVIOR IS learnt
- everybody is born a blank slate.
3
Q
Classical conditioning
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Learning by association
4
Q
Operant conditioning
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Learning by consequences
5
Q
What to know Social Learning Theory
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assumptions- vicarious reinforcement- role of Mediational process, identification
6
Q
Assumptions
A
Behavior is learnt from experience. people learn through observation. Learning occurs indirectly
7
Q
Vicarious reinforcement
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Imitation of a behaviour occurs when the behaviour is seen to be rewarded.
8
Q
Mediation processes
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cognitive factors involved in learning. Attention- the extent in which we notice certain behaviors. Retention - How well behaviors are remembered. Motivation - the will to perform behaviour. Motor reproduction - the ability to perform the behaviour
9
Q
imitation
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copying the behaviors of others.
10
Q
identification
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when an observer associates themselves with a role model
11
Q
Modelling
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modelling is imitating a persons behavior, and the demonstration of the behaviour.
12
Q
What do you need to know about the cognitive approach
A
assumptions - schema- theoretical and computer models.
13
Q
assumptions of the cognitive approach
A
Internal processes should and can be studied. Make inferences.
14
Q
schema
A
A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processes. these influence behaviour.
15
Q
the role of the schema
A
enables us to process lots of information quickly and it acts as a mental shortcut. However schema can distort our interpretations.
16
Q
inference
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the process whereby cognitive psychologist draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate.
17
Q
What is to be remembered about the biological approach
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assumptions - neurochemical - genetics- phenotypes- evolution
18
Q
Assumptions to the biological approach
A
everything psychological is at first biological, mind lives in the brain,
19
Q
The neurochemical basis for behaviour
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actions of chemicals in the brain.
20
Q
biological structures
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an arrangement or organization of parts to form an organ, system or living thing.
21
Q
Genotype
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the particular set of genes that a person possesses
22
Q
Phenotype
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The characteristics of an individual
23
Q
evolution
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the changes in inherited characteristics
24
Q
Things to know for the psycho dynamic approach
A
the role of the unconscious, the structure of personality, psycho sexual stages, defense mechanism
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Id
Entirely unconscious the id is made up of selfish and aggressive instincts that demands immediate gratification.
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ego
the reality check that balances conflicting demands of the id and superego
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superego
the moralistic part of our personality, which represents the ideal self.
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defense mechanisms
unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage the conflict between the id and the superego.
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psycho sexual stages
five developmental stages, that all children pass through, At each stage there is a different conflict, the outcome of which determines future development
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Oral stage
0-1 years, focus of pleasure is the mouth, mothers breast can be the object of desire, consequence is oral fixation
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Anal stage
focus of pleasure is off the anus. Child gains pleasure from withholding or expelling feces. Anal retentive - perfectionist, obsessive, Anal expulsive - thoughtless messy
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Phallic stage
focus is on the genital area, phallic personality - narcissistic personality
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latency
earlier conflicts repressed
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genital stage
sexual desires become conscious, difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
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What to know about the humanistic approach
free will, Maslow, self- actualization, self congruence and conditions of worth
36
Free will
the notions that humans can make choices and are not determined by biological or external forces
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heirachry of needs order
physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, self esteem, self actualization.
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Heirarchy of needs definition
each need below needs to be met before moving up
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self-actualistaion
the desire to grow psychologically, and fulfill ones potential
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congruence
When the self-concept, and ideal self match
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Conditions of Worth
when the parents place a boundary on their love to their child
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aim
a general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate, the purpose of the study.
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hypothesis
a clear precise testable statement that states the relationship between the variables
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Directional hypothesis
states direction of the difference or relationship
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Non-Directional hypothesis
Does not state the direction of the difference or relationship
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Independent variable
some aspect of the experimental situation is manipulated
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Dependent variable
the variable which is measured by the researcher
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operationalisation
clearly defining variables in terms of how they can be measured.
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Extraneous variable
a variable other than the independent variable that effects the results of the dependent variable
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Confounding variable
Varies systematically with the IV
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Demand characteristics
A cue from the research or situation that may be interpreted as revealing the purpose of the investigation.
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Investigator effect
any effect of the investigator which may affect behaviour
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Randomization
the use of chance to control of the effects of bias
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Standardization
Using the same formalized procedures and instructions for all participants.
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Experimental design
The different ways in which participants can be organised in relation to experimental condition
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Independent groups design
participants are allocated to different groups where each one represents and experimental condition
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repeated measures
all participants take part in all the conditions
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Matched pairs design
participnats are matched on some variables that may affect the DV. they are then split into the different conditions
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counterbalancing
an attempt to control for the effects of order
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Lab experiments
An experiment which takes place in a controlled condition which the researcher manipulates
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Field experiments
experiment which takes place in a natural setting within which the research manipulates the IV and records effect on DV
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Natural experiment
An experiment where the change in the IV is not brought about by the researcher
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Population
a group of people who are the focus of the researchers interest
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Sample
a group of people who take part in the research
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Random sampling
everyone has an equal chance of being selected
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systematic sampling
when every nth number is selected
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Stratified sampling
the sample reflects real world population
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Informed consent
participants are aware of aims and the procedure and there rights and what there data will be used for.
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deception
deliberate misleading participants and withholding information
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protection from harm
not putting participants in more risk in what they would experience in real world
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pilot study
a small scale version of an investigation that takes place before the real investigation is conducted. the aim is to check the procedure, materials, measuring scales but also researchers to make changes if necessary.
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single blind study
the participants does not know what condition hey are in but the researcher does
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Double blind study
Neither the participant or researcher knows what condition they are in
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Naturalistic observation
watching it and recording behaviour in the setting within what it would normally occur in
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controlled observation
Watching behaviour is a controlled condition
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covert observation
participants behaviour is recorded without there knowledge or consent.
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Overt observation
participants behaviour is recorded with there knowledge and consent
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Participant observation
the researcher becomes a member of the group
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Non-participant observation
The researcher remains outside of the group
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Behavioral categories
When a target behavior is broken down into components which are observable and measurable
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Event sampling
behavior is recorded every time it happens
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Time sampling
recording behavior in a fixed time frame.
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self report technique
any method in which a person is asked to state their own feelings, opinions or behaviors
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Questionnaires
a set of written questions used to assess a persons thoughts
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structured interviews
Set of pre-determined questions and asked in fixed order
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Unstructured interviews
An unstructured interview works a lot like a conversation
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semi-structured interview
list of questions but they are allowed to ask other questions
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open questions
no fixed response choice
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closed questionnaire
fixed choice in answers
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peer review
the assessment of scientific work by others who are specialist in the same field.
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the main aims of a peer review
to allocate funding, to validate the quality, to suggest amendments
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case studies
an in-depth investigation, description and analysis of a single group, individuals or event
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Content analysis
indirect study of behavior by examining communications that people produce, for example in texts, films or TV shows
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coding
analysed by identifying each instance of the chosen categories
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coding is the....
first stage of content analysis
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thematic analysis
an inductive and quantitative approach to analyse and identify implicit and explicit ideas in the data
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Reliability
refers to how consistent the results are
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Test- retest
a method of assessing reliability by assessing the same person twice on two different occasions
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Inter-rater reliability
the extent to which there is an agreement between to two or more observers. measured by correlating the researches
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validity
is the observed effect is genuine
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Face validity
does it look correct
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concurrent validity
the extent in which psychological measure relates to an existing measure.
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ecological validity
can the research be generalized to other settings and situations
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temporal validity
Can the research be related to any other times or events
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type 2
failure to reject a false null hypothesis
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types 1
the incorrect rejections of a true null hypothesis
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Nervous system
consists of CNS and PNS. communicates via electrical signals
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central nervous system
consists of the brain and spinal chord and it is the origin of all complex demands
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peripheral nervous system
sends information to the CNS from the outside world
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Somatic nervous system
transmits information from the receptor cells in sence and the organs to the CNS.
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autonomic nervous system
governs vital functions in the body
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Gland
an organ in the body which synthesizes substances such as hormones.
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Hormones
a chemical that circulates through the bloodstream only effects target audience
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Fight of flight
the body becomes physiologically aroused in readiness for fight or run away
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how does fight or flight work
when the stressors is perceived, the hypothalamus activates the pituitary gland and activates the sympathetic system. the adrenaline triggers physiological changes. once the threat has passed the parasympathetic is triggered..
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Neuron
neurons are nerve cells in which transmit messages through electrical signals
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Sensory neuron
they carry messages from the PNS to the CNS
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Relay neuron
connect sensory neuron and the motor neuron
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Motor neuron
Connect CNS and effectors
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nucleus
contains genetic material
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dendrites
carry nerve impulses to neighboring neurons
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axon
carry impulses away from cell body
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myelin sheath
speeds up electrical signals
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Neurotransmitter
brain chemical released from the synaptic vesticle
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excitation
when a neurotransmitter increases the positive charge.
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Inhibition
increase of negative charge of the post synaptic neuron
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Motor area
frontal lob in charge of conscious movement
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somatosensory area
Area of the parietal lobe that process sensory infomration
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