Papaer 2 Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
What Year did Wilhelm Wundt open the first psychological lab?
A
1879
2
Q
Where did Wilhelm Wundt open the first psychological lab?
A
Leipzig Germany
3
Q
What did Wundt aim to do
A
Try to analyse the nature of human behavior
4
Q
What was Wundts aim also known as
A
Introspection
5
Q
Standardized
A
Same procedure for each participant
6
Q
Structuralism
A
isolating the structure of human consciousness
7
Q
Strength of Wundts research
A
Scientific, his methods were well controlled, ensuring EVs weren’t a factor
8
Q
Limitation of Wundts research
A
Considered unscientific today, self reporting- unreliable, hidden thoughts, early efforts were flawed, wouldn’t be scientific today
9
Q
The behaviorist approach is only interested in studying…..
A
Observable behavior
10
Q
Watson disregarded introspection as he said it was too
A
vague
11
Q
Behaviorists believe all behavior is
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learnt
12
Q
They describe babies minds as a
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Blank slate
13
Q
classical conditioning is learning through
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association
14
Q
Classical conditioning was first shown by
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Pavlov
15
Q
Describe Classical Conditioning
A
The food is first seen as the unconditioned stimulus and this elicits salivation from the dog, and then the bell is the neutral stimulus and this doesn’t elicit a response, and during the conditioning the bell is associated with the food, and as the food is there it elicits a response. The bell becomes the conditioned stimulus and the salivation is the conditioned response.
16
Q
Operant conditioning was shown by
A
Skinner
17
Q
What did Skinner suggest
A
That learning is an active process and as humans and animals operate on their environment
18
Q
Positive reinforcement
A
receiving a reward for a certain behavior
19
Q
Negative reinforcement
A
Avoiding a consequence
20
Q
Punishment
A
unpleasant consequence
21
Q
Which of the three Operant conditioning terms increase likely hood of repeating behavior
A
positive and negative reinforcement
22
Q
Skinners box
A
Skinner conducted experiments with rats, every time the rat pulls a lever, they get a treat, and saw that they kept pulling it
23
Q
Two strengths of the behaviorist approach
A
Based off well controlled research, measuring in a highly controlled environment by breaking down stimulus-response units, scientific credibility
real world application- token economy, phobias and schizophrenia, widespread use
24
Q
Limitation of behaviorist approach
A
environmental determinism, ignores free will, everything we do is because we learnt to do it, ignores conscious decision making
25
Social learning theory also said that behavior is
learnt
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vicarious reinforcement
reinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else behavior being reinforced
27
mediational factors determine if
we will carry out the action
28
what are the 4 mediational factors and how do they work.
1. Attention - to the extent we notice behaviors
2.retention - how we remember it
3. motor reproduction - if we can do the behavior physically
4. Motivation - the will
29
Imitation
copying the behaviors of others
30
Identification
When a observer identifies them self with the role model
31
Modelling
modelling is imitating the behaviour from the observers view and from the role models it is the demonstration of the behaviour
32
Banduras two researches
a: young children who watched video of aggressive adult, theses children later abused the bobo doll, when later observed they played more aggressively
b:test of vicarious reward and punishment and control group
33
Two strengths of SLT
Cognitive factors, shows how humans store the behavior and when it is appropriate to carry out.
Real world application - advantage to explain cultural differences, and how children learn from people around them.
34
Limitation of SLT
lab studies, demand characteristics, tells us little about how they act in real life
35
The cognitive approach says that
internal processes can and should be researched
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Cognitive psychologist look at them indirectly by making
Inferences
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Schema
A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processes. these are built upon through experience.
38
What is one theoretical approach in cognitive approach
Information processing approach
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What does the information processing approach suggest
sequence of stages
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Cognitive neuroscience
the scientific study of brain structures on mental processes
41
Paul Broca found through cognitive neuroscience
frontal lobe- = Brocas area
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Two strengths of the cognitive approach
scientific method, rigorous methods, involved lab studies, cognitive neuroscience
Real world application, cognitive psychology - AI and robots as well as reliability of eye witness testimony
43
Limitation of Cognitive approach
Machine reductionist.
human mind similarities and computers, ignores human emotions, may weaken the validity.
44
In biological approach we must look at
Biological structures
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Mind lives in the
Brain
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Neurochemisty
chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning
47
imbalance of neurochemistry can cause
OCD and Depression
48
Twins studies are used
to see if behaviors have a genetic basis
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if something is genetic we expect
MZ twins rates to be 100%
50
Genotype
the set of genes a person possesses
51
Phenotype
the characteristics of an individual determined by both genes and environment
52
Evolution
The changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations.
53
Two strengths of the biological approach
Real- world application- increased understanding of neurochemical basis help with psycho active drugs
scientific- fMRI and EEG
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A limitation of biological determinism
determinism, phenotype is expressed with environment,
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the unconscious contains
Threatening and disturbing repressed thoughts.
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ID
Entirely unconscious,made up of selfish aggressive instincts that demand instant gratification
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ego
THE reality check balances the conflicting the demands.
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Superego
the moralistic part
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oral stage
0-1 years, focus is on the mouth, oral fixation
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Anal stage
1-3 years, focus of pleasure is the anus. Anal retentive- perfectionist. Anal repulsive- thoughtless.
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Phallic stage
Focus is on the genital areas, phallic personality- reckless
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latency
other fixations are repressed
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Genital
sexual desires become conscious, difficulty forming straight relationships
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Defense mechanisms
unconscious processes to manage the conflict between id and superego
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Two strengths of the Psychodynamic approach
new therapy- psychotherapy
explains human behaviour-
66
Limitation of the psycho dynamic approach
Can be testable as it involves the unconscious mind
67
Two strengths of the humanistic approach
Not reductionist- look at the human as a whole, holism
positive approach
68
Limitation if the humanistic approach
Cultural bias
69
Free will
the notion humans can make choices and are not determined by biological influences
70
Order of hierarchical needs
psychological needs
safety and security
love and belonging
self esteem
self actualization
71
Congruence
the aim of the Rogerian therapy, when self concept and ideal self match.
72
Nervous system
consists of of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system, communicates using electrical signals
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Central Nervous system
Consists of the brain and the spinal chord and is the origin for all complex demands
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Peripheral nervous system
Sends information to the CNS, from the outside world and transmits messages from the CNS to the muscles and glands in the body
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Somatic nervous system
Transmits information from the receptor cells in sense organs to the CNS, It also receives information from the CNS, which directs muscles to act.
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Autonomic nervous system
Transmits messgaed to and from internal bodily organs.
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The endocrine system acts more
slowly
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hormones are secreted into the
bloodstream
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Flight or flight
When a stressors is perceived, the hypothalamus activates the Sympathetic branch of the nervous system, adrenaline is released, parasympathetic system is brought back
80
Adrenaline
A hormone produced in the adrenal medulla glands, has a string effect on the body
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Neurons
Transmits messages through messages through chemical and electric messages
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Sensory neurons
These carry messages from the PNS to the CNS, long dendrites and short axons
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Relay neurons
These connect to the sensory neurons to the other relay neurons. they have short dendrites and short neurons.
84
Motor neurons
these connect the CNS to the effectors, such as muscles and glands,
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Cell body includes
Nucleus
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nucleus contains
genetic information
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Dendrites
Carry nerve impulses from neighboring neurons
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Axon
Carries the impulses away the cell body
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Myelin sheath
Helps protect axon and speeds up transmission
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Nodes of ranvier
Forces the messages to jump across these gaps, faster transmittion
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motor neurons cell bodies can be found in
CNS
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Sensory axons can be found
Outside the CNS, in the PNS, Relay neurons make up 97% of neurons
93
When a stimulus, the inside of the cell becomes positively charged, causing
Action potential
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Synaptic transmission
process of sending messages from the neighboring neurons communicate by sending messages across the gap
95
Neurotransmitter
Brain chemicals released across synaptic vesicles that relay signals across the synapse from one neuron to another
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Excitation
increases the positive charge of the postsynaptic neuron
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Inhibition
increases the negative charge of the post synaptic neuron
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When the electrical signals reach the end of the neuron it triggers
release of neurotransmitters form the synaptic vesicle
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Once the neurotransmitters are released across the gaps
it is taken up by the postsynaptic receptor sites on the next dendrite, which is converted back to electrical signals.
100
Localisation
the theory that every part of the brain has a different function
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Motor area
a region in the frontal lobe that controls movement
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Somatosensory area
An area of the parietal lobe that processes sensory information
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visual area
a part of the Occipital lobe which sends and receives visual information
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auditory area
the part of the temporal lobe which concerned with the analysis of speech based information
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Brocas area
The part of the Frontal lobe which is responsible for speech production
106
Wernicks area
An area of the temporal lobe which is responsible for language comprehension.
107
the right side of the body is always controlled by the
left side of the brain
108
the left side of the body is controlled by the
right side of the brain
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Broca's aphasia
speech that is slow laborious and lacking in fluency
110
Wernick's aphasia
fluent but meaningless speech
111
Two strengths of localisation
evidence from neurosurgery, cingulotomy- OCD patients - 30% had successful recovery and 14% partial response
Evidence form brain scans- Peterson - Wernicks area active in listening and Brocas during reading as well as Buckner and Peterson who found that the semantic and episodic preside in parts of the pre frontal cortex.
112
Limitations of Localisation
Dick and Tremblay,2% believe that language is actually on left as they believe that it is more holistic
113
The language center of the brain is in the
Left hemisphere of the brain.
114
left brained people tend to be more
analytical
115
Right brained people tend to be more
Creative
116
Strength of Lateralisation
Lateralisation in a connected brain, Fink used pet scans to identify which parts of the brain were active during a recall task. when people with connected brains did it there RH was more active, and when doing finer detail it was the LH
117
A limitation on Lateralisation
There may be different functions in the RH and LH, but there may no dominant side Nielsen analysed 1000 scans from 7 to 29 people and there was no dominant side.
118
Research support for Split brain research
Gazzaniga, split brain actually performed better, faster at identifying the odd one out
119
Generalization issues
Sperry research was compared to a neurotypical group who weren't epileptic
120
split brain involves
severing the corpus Colossum which is the connection between the LH and RH
121
sperrys procedure
Eleven people who had split brains, were studied using a special tool in which a image could be portrayed in the different visual fields, this couldn't be conveyed to the other side of the brain
122
Sperrys findings
when image was presented to the RVF, participants could describe what he had said.
123
Plasticity
this describes the brains way of changing and adapt as a result of experience and new learning
124
Plasticity research
Maguire, London taxi drivers, more grey matter in posterior hippocampus, than in control group this part is associated with the navigation and spatial relations
125
Draginski
imaged brains from students, changes with the posterior hippocampus and parietal cortex
126
A limitation of plasticity
prolonged drug use leads to poorer cognitive functioning, as well as increased rate in depression
127
A strength of plasticity
Plasticity reduces in age, Bezzola how 40 hours od golf changing, increased size in motor cortex
128
Real world application of functional recovery
neurorehabilitation, axonal growth helps, new therapies
129
Limitation of functional recovery
Schneider, more people are in education more people have the chance of DFR. 40% who acheived DFR had 16years+
130
Functional recovery
Redistribute, or transfer functions
131
Axonal sprouting
The growth of nerve ending which connect with other undamaged new cells to form new nerve endings
132
Denervation supersensitivity
This occurs which that do a similar jobs become aroused to a higher level to compensate for the ones are lost
133
Recruitment of Homologous
recruitment of the opposite sides of the brain
134
fMRI
works by detecting the changes in blood oxygenation and flow that occur due to increases activity
135
EEG
measures electrical activity
136
ERP
The response form the brain to the specific sensory, cognitive or motor event can be statistical analyisis
137
Post Mortom exam
Analysed brain after death
138
Biological rhythms
distinct patterns of change in the body which conform to cyclical time periods
139
Circadian rhythms
Biological rhythms which are subject to 24 hour time period
140
Sleep wake cycle
effect on daylight- exogenous zeitburgers
the biological body clock - superchiasmatic nucleus,
141
Siffres cave study
extended periods in a cave, deprived of natural light, but had food and water, he spent 2 months in a cave, his body clock was just above 24 hours and did continue to fall asleep and wake up at the same time.
142
Aschoff and Wever
four weeks of living in a bunker all but one participant showed a circadian rythm of 24 to 25 hours.
143
Two strengths of circadian rhythms
shift work- poor health association- more likely to get heart failure. Real world economics
medical treatments- heart attacks and when to take aspirin
144
limitation of Circadian rhythms
everyone sleeps a different times
145
Infradian rhythms
less than one cycle in 24 hours
146
Ultradian rhythms
More than one cycle in 24 hours
147
Infradian rythms are as such as
menstrual cycle- Mcclintok 29 women - phermones- 68% experienced changes
SAD
148
Ultradian rhythms
sleep stages - light sleep- deep sleep- rem
149
Evolutionary of menestrul linking
evolutionary pregnancy
150
Metholodical limitations of the infradian rhythms
change in diet, stress are all confounding variables
151
increased understanding- ultradian
SWS reduces with age, increase SWS medication and relaxation
152
Individual differences 0 Ultradian
tucker- people have large differences of times in stage 3 and 4 of sleep
153
What are endogenous pacemakers?
Internal body clocks that regulate biological rhythms, e.g. the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) controlling the sleep-wake cycle.
154
What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?
A bundle of nerve cells in the hypothalamus that acts as the primary endogenous pacemaker in mammals. It controls circadian rhythms like the sleep-wake cycle.
155
How does the SCN influence the sleep-wake cycle?
The SCN sends signals to the pineal gland to release melatonin at night, promoting sleep, and reduces it during the day.
156
What are exogenous zeitgebers?
External environmental cues that help regulate biological rhythms, e.g. light and social cues.
157
How does light act as an exogenous zeitgeber?
Light resets the SCN daily, helping to synchronise the body's internal clock to the 24-hour day.
158
Give an example of a social exogenous zeitgebe
Meal times, social interaction, and schedules can influence circadian rhythms, especially when adjusting to jet lag or shift work.
159
What did the Siffre cave study show about pacemakers?
Without external cues, Siffre’s natural sleep-wake cycle extended beyond 24 hours, showing the role of endogenous pacemakers but also the importance of exogenous cues.
160
What happens when endogenous pacemakers are isolated from exogenous zeitgebers?
Circadian rhythms continue, but often become less accurate, showing both are important for regulation.
161
Two limitations of endogenous zeitburgers
May be more obscure then other body clocks, numerous circadian rhyme in cells. Damiols changed the liver circadian rhythm to 12 hours without changing the SCN
cannot be studied in isolation, in everday life zeightburgers intercat with stimuli
162
two limitations of exogenous zeightburgers
exogenous doesn't have to same effect, people who live in very dark places in the summer
miles-young blind man, abnormal circadian rhythms of 24.9, despite exposure from social cues, it could be adjusted
