Arch. Final Section II

Question 1

4 theories of peopling of the Americas

Answer 1

1) Clovis first
2) Pre-clovis
3) Solutrean hyptohesis
4) early arrival

Question 2

when did the clovis first theory occur?

Answer 2

during the Pleistocene (ice age) 12,000 ya (close to the end of the ice age)

Question 3

what route is believed to be taken for the clovis first theory? (FT) (2)

Answer 3

1) From Asia across Beringia

2) Through an ice-free corridor (walking, water wasn’t there)

Question 4

who is believed to be part of the clovis first theory? (3) (BFI)

Answer 4

1) Big-game hunters
2) fluted clovis points
3) ice-age mega fauna

Question 5

when did extinction occur during the clovis first occur?

Answer 5

13,000-11,000 ya

Question 6

what was the extinction most likely caused by?

Answer 6

changing climates

Question 7

what is a problem found with clovis culture? (3) (TTD)

Answer 7

1) there should be fluted points in Alaska earlier but there’s not
2) timing of the ice-free corridor b/t glacial sheets
3) dates are recalibrated (10,500ya too late)

Question 8

when did Pre-clovis theory occur?

Answer 8

Arrival 13,000 ya

Question 9

what route did the pre-clovis theory take?

Answer 9

From Asia via coastal migration

Question 10

when did the Solutrean hypothesis occur?

Answer 10

15,000-13,000 ya

Question 11

what route did the Solutrean hypothesis take? (2) (EA)

Answer 11

1) European origins

2) Atlantic “ice edge” route (by boat)

Question 12

who was part of the Solutrean hypothesis?

Answer 12

Big game (clovis) hunters

Question 13

what evidence was there for the Solutrean hypothesis?

Answer 13

fluted points similar to the European Solutrean

Question 14

what problems were seen with the Solutrean hypothesis

Answer 14

1) clovis was 5000 years later than solutrean
2) dangerous passage way requiring maritime skill
3) differences in technology (no channel)

Question 15

when did the Early Arrival theory take place?

Answer 15

30,000 ya

Question 16

what route did the Early Arrival theory take?

Answer 16

From Asia via coastal routes

Question 17

Triggers for domestication of plants and animals worldwide

Answer 17

1) climate change

2) population growth- feedback loop

Question 18

when did climate change trigger domestication?

Answer 18

at the end of Pleistocene (10,000 ya)

Question 19

what did climate change create?

Answer 19

new flora and fauna (end of ice ages)

Question 20

characteristics of domestication in the Middle East

Answer 20

1) “fertile crescent”

2) long transitional process (25,000-7,000 ya)

Question 21

periods of the Middle East domestication (4) (KNEL)

Answer 21

1) Kebaran
2) Natufian
3) Early Neolithic
4) late neolithic

Question 22

when did the Kebaran period occur?

Answer 22

25,000-15,000 ya

Question 23

who was part of the Kebaran period?

Answer 23

hunter-gatherers (short occupation camps)

Question 24

was there domestication during the Kebranan period?

Answer 24

no

Question 25

when did the Natufian period occur?

Answer 25

15,000-12,000 ya

Question 26

who was part of the natufian period

Answer 26

hunter/gatherers

Question 27

even though there were hunter gatherers during the natufian period what were some other charactertistics

Answer 27

1) 1st architecture 2) technological innovation 3) possible organized religion

Question 28

was there domestication during the natufian period?

Answer 28

no

Question 29

during the natufian period in the Middle East do people settle and form groups before or after inventing agriculture?

Answer 29

Before

Question 30

what did hunting consist of during the Natufian period? (2) (GW)

Answer 30

1) Gazelle= 80% of wild fauna | 2) wild goat, sheep cattle

Question 31

what was domesticated during the Natufian period?

Answer 31

dogs

Question 32

evidence of dog domestication during the Natufian period? (2) (BS)

Answer 32

1) buried with humans | 2) shorter snout than wild

Question 33

what technological innovations were there during the natufian period?

Answer 33

1) lunates- composite tools (sickles) | 2) grinding stones (reliance on wild grains)

Question 34

when did the Early Neolithic period occur in the Middle East?

Answer 34

12,000-8500 ya

Question 35

what did the Early Neolithic period consist of?

Answer 35

younger dryas (little ice age)

Question 36

characteristics of the Younger dryas during the Early Neolithic period (3) (RHI)

Answer 36

1) rapid onset (single human generation) 2) habitable area reduced 3) impacts cultural development

Question 37

two period of the Early Neolithic period

Answer 37

1) Pre-pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) | 2) Pre-potter Neolithic B (PPNB)

Question 38

when did the PPNA occur?

Answer 38

12,000-11,000 during the younger dryas (very cold)

Question 39

when did the PPNB occur?

Answer 39

11,000-8500 ya after the younger dryas

Question 40

charactertistics of the PPNA (3) (ILC)

Answer 40

1) increasingly complex tools (blades) 2) larger villages (more organized) 3) communal buildings (group labor, group benefit)

Question 41

what does the younger dryas spark during the PPNA?

Answer 41

cooperation and need for protection

Question 42

was there domestication during the PPNA?

Answer 42

no

Question 43

charactertistics of PPNB (4) (ECDC)

Answer 43

1) evidence for domestication (Finally!) 2) changes from wild forms 3) domestication of animals 4) crowded, organized settlements

Question 44

evidence of domestication during the PPNB (3) (CPL)

Answer 44

1) cereals (wheat and barley) 2) pulses (peas and lentils) 3) legumes (chickpeas)

Question 45

changes from wild forms during the PPNB

Answer 45

bigger and more seeds (tough rachis)

Question 46

domestication of animals during the PPNB (2) (FD)

Answer 46

1) falloff in wild gazelle | 2) domesticated goat, sheep, cattle and pigs (slaughtered young males, outside natural range)

Question 47

characteristics of crowded organized settlements during the PPNB

Answer 47

1) rectangular buildings 2) planning 3) handling conflict (rules)

Question 48

when did the Late Neolithic period occur?

Answer 48

8,500-7,000 ya

Question 49

what happened during the late neolithic period in the Middle East

Answer 49

villages collapse

Question 50

characteristics of collapsing villages in the late neolithic period (3) (DPT)

Answer 50

1) decline in number and sizes of sites 2) possible shift to nomadic pastoralism 3) temporary-village rebound and grow

Question 51

when did the Archaic period in Central America occur?

Answer 51

9000-4000ya

Question 52

what period is the Archaic period most like in the Middle East?

Answer 52

Natufian

Question 53

characteristics of the Archaic period (3) (tps)

Answer 53

1) time of holocene warming 2) pleistocene resources vanish 3) small mobile pops seek best resources

Question 54

what did the time of the holocene warming mean during the archaeic period

Answer 54

dessication (desertification of Mexico)

Question 55

what were the results of pleistoccene resources vanishing during the Archaic period (2) (NS)

Answer 55

1) new subsistence strategies | 2) shift to small game, shellfish and specific plants (squash and corn)

Question 56

what did small mobile pops seeking best resources during the archaic period lead to?

Answer 56

territorial forraging leads to domestication

Question 57

what were the first domesticates in Central America during the Archaic period?

Answer 57

1) squash (8000ya) 2) corn (maize) (6000ya) 3) bean (2500ya)

Question 58

in Central America was domestication before or after settlement?

Answer 58

before

Question 59

does domestication in Central america trigger the rise of villages?

Answer 59

no

Question 60

when were beans domesticated and why?

Answer 60

2500 ya during the late archaic period because there was no pottery (pots) to cook the beans

Question 61

what farming technique was used in Cen America?

Answer 61

MILPA (corns, beans, squash)

Question 62

what did teosinite (wild) corn consist of?

Answer 62

2 rows of kernels and brittle rachis

Question 63

what did domesticated maize consist of?

Answer 63

more rows and big kernels, tough rachis

Question 64

techniques used in MILPA

Answer 64

1) shifting 2) slash and burn (low land) 3) terracing (mountains)

Question 65

what is the PPNA characterized by?

Answer 65

an increase in size, organization and complexity of villages

Question 66

what happens to corn during the late archaic period and when?

Answer 66

cultivation spreads north (3400ya)

Question 67

2 impact patters of corn (2) (CR)

Answer 67

1) corn adopted but no change to mobile hunting gathering lifeways 2) rapid transition to settled farming (both happened)

Question 68

example of rapid transition to farming of corn. 500 rock lined terraces. storage pits and post holes. cultivated maize: 3,000 ya

Answer 68

SITE: Cerro Juanquena, North Mexico

Question 69

example of no change in mobile lifeways of corn. near Juanquena but more arid. Remain hunter/gatherers (trading)

Answer 69

SITE: Jornada Mogollon Region

Question 70

what is an explaination for the impact patterns?

Answer 70

Optimal foraging theory

Question 71

people act in rational self interest/maximize efficiency in exploiting resources. In some environment, cultivatoin is more efficient/profitable than others. possibly symbiotic.

Answer 71

optimal foraging theory

Question 72

where does domestication of corn in Mexico spread?

Answer 72

north and east

Question 73

what is regional adaption based on in central america?

Answer 73

the environment

Question 74

what do eventual large sites maybe reflect?

Answer 74

competition made possible by farming

Question 75

what theory argues that people migrated to America by crossing Beringia and following a land-based route through an ice-free corridor between North America's glacial ice sheets?

Answer 75

Clovis first

Question 76

what can clovis culture of north america be best described as?

Answer 76

big game hunters pursuing mega fauna such as mammoths and mastodon

Question 77

Characteristics of Meadowcroft Rockshelter, PA

Answer 77

1) sometimes used as possible evidence to support the Solutrean model because of it's location near the east coast 2) has 11 occupation strata, suggesting it was a seasonal campsite 3) has contested radiocarbon dates which may be contaminated by naturally ocurring coal deposits.

Question 78

how did the transition from hunting and gathering to domstication of plants and animals occur?

Answer 78

it was a long gradual process that occurred independently in multiple places around the world

Question 79

what did Beringia connect?

Answer 79

Asia and the Americas

Question 80

which theory for peopling of the Americas is currently the best supported by the evidence?

Answer 80

Pre-clovis

Question 81

what were the tools used by big game hunters in North America around 11000 ya called?

Answer 81

clovis points

Question 82

what were big game such as mammoths and mastodons, hunted by early humans in NA during the ice age known as?

Answer 82

megafauna

Question 83

what theory supports the evidence of the Site Meadowcroft Rockshelter?

Answer 83

Solutrean Hypothesis

Question 84

characteristics of the rise of agriculture in many parts of the world (3) (WII)

Answer 84

1) warming climate at the end of ice ages 2) increasing population 3) introduction of new plants and animals and disappearance of others when the ice age end

Question 85

who argued that the neolithic revolution caused humans to view their relationship with natures as one of dominance and control?

Answer 85

V. Gordon Childe

Question 86

what did construction of communal architecture and buildings at settlements in the Middle East during the PPNA reflect?

Answer 86

an increased emphasis on cooperative behavior as villages grow larger

Question 87

what was the first domesticated animal in most parts of the world?

Answer 87

dog

Question 88

did agriculture arise in many locations or a single location and then spread to other areas around the world?

Answer 88

many