Arch. MIDTERM #1 Flashcards
1
Q
challenges of archaeological preservation (4) (PNGH)
A
1) processes affect remains
2) needs to be put back together (like a puzzle)
3) Geological and environmental factors
4) human activity
2
Q
what are examples of geologic and environmental factors and are they intentional or unintentional?
A
earthquakes, rain, erosion, flooding, dry etc.
unintentioanal
3
Q
what are some challenges when geologic & environmental factors affect preservation?
A
1) organic materials can decay
2) artifacts can get washed away
4
Q
what are some examples of human activity affecting preservation? (PFHL) (4)
A
unintentional
1) people leave or die
2) farming (plows over archaeological sites)
3) human settlement
4) looting (intentional)
5
Q
identifying and mapping physical remains of human activity
A
survey (recovery method)
6
Q
ways to perform survey (2) (WT)
A
1) walk around grounds
2) talking to people in the area
7
Q
what are some challenges of survey (2) (tv)
A
1) terrain
2) vegitation (covered by dense foliage with insects)
8
Q
any loci of past human activity
A
site
9
Q
culturally or geographically defined cluster of sites
A
region
10
Q
survey techniques (2) (GR)
A
1) GPS
2) Remote Sensings
11
Q
types of remote sensings (survey technique) (2) (AL)
A
1) aerial photography (planes)
2) Lidar (light detection and ranging)
12
Q
types of lidar (2) (A3)
A
1) aerial laser survey
2) 3D topographical map
13
Q
Example of lidar
A
Caracol, Belize (4 days of lidar vs. 25 yrs of foot survey)
14
Q
what is an advantage of survey?
A
non-destructive
15
Q
what can survey reveal? (2) (IS)
A
1) identify relationships b/t sites and b/t sites and landscape
2) surface artifacts
16
Q
exposure of remains via controlled digging
A
excavation
17
Q
what is the goal of controlled digging?
A
to reconstruct everything and see how they fit together in space
18
Q
how are sites created?
A
through STRATA
19
Q
layers represent activities and deposit (cultural & natural) from different time periods
A
STRATA
20
Q
sequence of STRATA built up in layers
A
stratigraphy
21
Q
in an undisturbed stratigraphic sequence each layer (STRATA) is younger than the layer beneath
A
Law of superposition
22
Q
are the younger strata on top or bottom?
A
top
23
Q
problems with the law of superposition (2) (WM)
A
1) wall can be built on top of older strata
2) making sense of what you’re digging during excavation is most challenging
24
Q
types of controlled excavation
A
1) grids (horizontal)
2) datum points (verticle)
25
what are the goals of excavation? (3) (IRR)
1) identify STRATA
2) recover remains
3) reconstruct horizontal (same time) and vertical (through time) relationships
26
what type of time does horizontal and vertical represent?
horrizontal (info from same time) and vertical (through time)
27
excavation techniques (4) (DBSF)
1) digging (axes, trowels, picks)
2) brushing
3) screening
4) flotation
28
expose remains from the SAME period
horizontal excavation
29
expose a sequence from successive time periods
vertical excavation
30
excavated materials found (3) (AFE)
1) artifacts
2) features
3) ecofacts
31
what does excavated artifacts tell us?
evidence of human manufacture
32
non-portable cultural items (building, monuments, burials)
features
33
remains of biological organisms (human bodies, animals, seeds, wood)
ecofacts
34
documentation techniques (4) (NPDD)
1) notes and forms
2) photographs
3) drawings & maps
4) digitization
35
what is the goal of documentation?
reconstruction of remains in Context
36
the significance of remains interpreted based on where they deposited (provenience) and what they were deposited with (association)
context
37
a list to draw upon an inventory of types of artifacts found by archaeologists in a particular archaeological context
typology
38
how do most classifications of articles begin?
by defining major categories of objects
39
chronology based on stratigraphic sequences (not sure of the actual date) places assemblage in a temporal sequence not directly linked to calendar dates
relative dating
40
relative frequencies through time
seriation
41
dating contexts and artifacts in calendar years via scientific tests
absolute chronology
42
an absolute dating technique. measures how long it has been since something organic died (must have once been alive). measurement of the rate of decay of the radioactive (unstable) carbon isotope C14 from dead plant/animal remains
radiocarbon dating
43
measures absolute age by counting rings in tree-cross sections. it correlates patterns in a long term sequence (much more accuratae)
dendochronology (tree ring dating)
44
a type of dating that measures the rate of decay of isotope potassium 40 into argon 40
potassium- argon dating
45
what is the half-life of potassium-argon dating?
1.25 billion years
46
what does potassium-argon dating measure?
volcanic rocks, lava and ash
47
what is potassium-argon dating food for?
fossil contexts
48
what is the difference between artifacts and features which were both created intentionally by humans?
non-portable (such as hearths or walls)
49
when is argon dating not usueful?
in areas with limited volcanic activity
50
analyzing human remains
skeletal analysis
51
how is age assessed in skeletal analysis?
tooth erruption & bone fusion for individuals under 25
52
what affects skeletal assesment?
health
53
what is the best indicator of biological sex during skeletal analysis?
in the pelvis (compromise b/t upright walking and giving birth).
54
findings during skeletal analysis (5) (cdapd)
1) cause of death
2) disease, malnutrition, injuries
3) activities
4) place of birth (chemical composition of bones)
5) diet (using chemical techniques)
55
types of artifact analysis findings (3) (spe)
1) stone tools (use wear, source material)
2) potterty (from, techniques, designs, clay source)
3) ecofacts (past environment & diets)
56
a type of artifact analysis that analyzes microscopic residue from flotation and soil samples
microarchaeology
57
what radically alters inerpretation during artifact analysis?
microarchaeology
59
how did the site at Ashkelon, Israel alter the interpretation?
it wasn't a residence but an animal pen
60
other examples of microarchaeolgy (where the interpretation is altered)
1) flotation- lint suggests clay cylinders = loom weights
| 2) soil chemistry: altar wasn't for burning incense but pouring libations
61
measures the light (stable) elements of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur in organic samples to determine composition (drinking water) (expensive)
stable isotope analysis
62
what is stable isotope analysis used for?
human and animal bone, teeth and hair to determine diet and origins
63
precursors of interpretation
1) age of discovery: 15th and 17th centuries
| 2) industrial revolution- late 18th and 19th centuries (western world began to change)
64
intellectual developments that scientists discovered during precursors of intepretations (3) (OOD)
1) order the living world
2) observe change
3) develop theory about cultural and biological evolution
65
Charles Lyell (intellectual developments) (4) (GFSC)
1797-1875
1) geologist
2) fossils= time markers
3) stone tools and extinct fauna
4) convinced of antiuquity of humans
66
rooted in technology and focused on artifacts
three age system
67
Christian Jurgensen Thompsen (three age system)
1816
1) stone age
2) bronze age
3) iron age
68
what is a concern when professional archeology emerges?
methodology
69
Sir Flinders Petrie (professional archeology) (2) (SS)
1) stratigraphic excavation
| 2) seriation (relative dating)
70
classifies "culture areas" (development over time) (descriptive)
culture history
71
geographic location with lots of remains
"culture areas"
72
type of culture history where pots = people
material culture
73
V. Gordon Childe (culture history) (2) (NU)
1) neolithic revolution
| 2) urban revolution
74
settled life and beginnings of agriculture
neolithic revolution
75
cities and complex government
urban revolution
76
what was V. Gordon Childe's contribution to culture history?
focus from material remains to socieities that produced them.
77
what was processualism also known as?
the new archaeology
78
who was using processualism?
graduate students (1970) that rejected the descriptive approach of culture historians
79
what was processualism's view on culture?
archaeology as a science
80
what was used during processualism for testing (archaeology as a science) (2) (HS)
1) hypothesis testing
| 2) scientific method
81
Lewis Binford (Processualism)
searched for universal laws and processes
82
what did Lewis Binford find culture to be?
adaption to the environment
83
what type of approach did Lewis Binford use?
an etic approach
84
an outsider's view of culture
etic approach
85
when did post processualism occur?
1980s- 1990s
86
backlash against processualism
post processualism
87
why was post processualism a backlash against processualism?
1) positivism was too objective
| 2) archaeological excavation is not replicable
88
what type of view did post processualism have?
archaeology more like history than science (remains in a text)
89
what type of perspective does post processualism have?
Emic
90
the insiders view of their own culture
emic approach
91
what is the archaeological theory today?
anthropologists struggle to find balance between scientific approaches to explain culture and interpretive approaches to understanding its meaning (humanist)
92
if you need to expose remains of activities from a single period across a broad area at a site which type of excavation would you use?
horizontal
93
if you need to recover information from multiple strata as well as expose activities areas within in a single strata or time period what type of excavation would you use?
vertical and horizontal
94
if you need to expose several consecutive time period and strata at a site what type of excavation would you use?
vertical
95
what is the most important goal of excavation?
to reconstruct horizontal and vertical relationships at sites and recover remains in context
96
a technique for classifying features of small things found at an archaeological site
flotation
97
emphasizes the similarities between history and archaeology and suggests archaeologists take an emic approach to understanding culture
post processualism
98
the first time humans began to domesticate plants and animals and settle into villages
neolithic revolution
99
complex thought and symbolism
cultural characterics of a human
100
large brains and bipedialism
physical characteristics of a human
101
members of human lineage after split with chimpanzee lineage
hominin
102
evidence of hominin origins (3) (GFT)
1) geologic context (dating)
2) fossil remains
3) tools
103
larger, rounder brain case
cranial capacity of a hominin
104
what was the cranial capacity (CC) of the earliest hominins?
350cc
105
what is the cranial capacity of modern hominins?
1300-1400cc
106
shrinking jaw characteristics of a hominin (2) (SL)
1) smaller canine & molor size
| 2) less prognathism (stuck forward)
107
why do hominins have a shrinking jaw?
because the brains are bigger and allows us to make tools rather than use teeth.
108
bipedialism (walking upright) characteristics of a hominin (4) (CFAI)
1) curved lumbar
2) foreshadowed pelvis
3) angled femurs/fully extendable limbs
4) inflexible ankles
109
where is the origin of hominins?
Africa
110
Sahelanthrapus tchadensis (5) (FEC7M)
1) fossil evidence
2) earliest hominin
3) Chad
4) 7 mya
5) mixed Ape-like human
111
what ape characteristics did Sahelanthrapus tchadnensis have?
1) Cranium 350cc
| 2) long arms=aboreal
112
what human charactertistics did sahelanthrapus tchadensis have?
1) small jaw and canines
| 2) angled femur= bipedialism
113
Ardipithicus ramidus (3) (FS4)
1) fossil evidence
2) SITE: Aramis, Ethiopia
3) 4.5 mya
114
what "human features" did ardipithiicus ramidus have?
1) small molars
| 2) foramen magnum forward (back of skull)
115
hominin radiation (2) (4I)
1) 4.5-2 mya
| 2) increase in hominin species
116
types of homin species that arose during homin radiation
1) australopithicus
2) kenyanthropus
3) parathropus (bipedialism, small canines and larger crania than apes)
117
Australopithecus
1) fossil evidence
2) east and south Africa
3) 3.5 mya
4) 6 species
5) 450-475cc
118
Lucy (5) (EH6F3)
1) Example of Australopithicus
2) Hadar, Ethiopia
3) 60% complete
4) fully bipedial
5) 3.3 feet tall
119
Laetoli
1) Example of Australopithicus
2) Tanzania
3) 3.8 mya
4) Side-by-side foot prints
120
earliest genus homo fossil evidence that's more gracile
homo habalis
121
when was homo habalis?
2.5-1.6 mya
122
where was homo habalis?
east and south Africa
123
what was the brain cc of homo habalis?
500-800cc
124
first genus homo fossil evidence outside of Africa
homo erectus
125
where was homo erectus? (3) (AAE)
1) Africa
2) Asia
3) Europe
126
when was homo erectus?
1.9mya-45,000 ya
127
what was the brain cc of homo erectus?
750cc-1250cc
128
when were the lower paleolithic tools from?
2.5mya-200,000 ya
129
how do tools=culture (3) (ARS)
1) acquisition
2) retention
3) sharing knowledge
130
how tools are made
flint-knapping
131
types of flint knapping (2) (CF)
1) core
| 2) flake
132
raw material being struck (rock)
core
133
material struck from core
flake
134
what is the method used for flint-knapping
"percussion"
135
what was the earliest tool type and when was it from?
oldowan industry 2.5mya
136
archeulian industry (2) (BH)
1) bifacial "handaxes"
| 2) homo erectus
137
when was the archeulian industry tools from?
1.7mya-200,000 ya
138
what were the tools used for?
microarhaelology at Koobi Foora
139
wears pattern and polish and high powerscope
microarchaeology at koobi foora
140
Results from microarchaeology at kobbi foora (4) (AWCS)
1) Animal butchery
2) woodworking
3) cutting plants
4) smashing bones for marrow
141
SITE: Swartkrans, Africa (3) (SAP)
| not on review sheet or notes
1) site where tools where used
2) Australopithocene skull
3) puncture marks, leopard canine
142
what does teeth represent in Stable Isotope Analysis? (5) (RTFNP)
1) roots
2) tubers
3) fruits
4) nuts
5) plant stems/grass seeds
143
key part of hominin life
gathering
144
when did the upper paleolithic period occur?
40,000-11,000 ya (Ice age)
145
migration of homo sapiens out of Africa after appearance of H. sapiens approx 200,000 ya
upper paleolithic
146
3 major time periods during the upper paleolithic period (3) (AGM)
1) Aurignancian
2) Gravettian (Solutrean)
3) Magdalenian
147
what are the 3 major time periods of the upper paleolithic period based on?
stone tool technologies
148
when did the Aurignacian time period occur?
40,000-26,000 ya
149
who was part of the aurignacian period?
neandarthals and homo sapiens co-existed
150
where did homo sapiens migrate from during the Aurignacian period and who did they encounter?
they migrated from Africa and encoutered Neandarthals
151
when did Homo Sapiens arrive and during what time period?
36,000 ya during the Aurignancian period
152
charactertistics of homo sapiens during the aurignancian period (3) (NDS)
1) nomadic; hunter-gatherers
2) diverse tool kit (stone and bone points and bladelets)
3) symbolism and art
153
what did homo sapiens jewelry consist of during the aurignancian period?
Beads
| animal teeth, ivory and shell
154
when was evidence of toe bones proving homo sapiens wore shoes during the aurignancian period?
30,000 ya
155
how was it proven that homo sapiens wore shoes during the aurignancian period?
weaker toe bones= supportive footwear
158
when are neanderthals present since
200,000 ya
159
characteristics of neanderthals
1) nomadic; big game hunters
2) simple tool kit (mousterian (retouched flakes)
30 limited symbolism & art (burials and imitative jewelry)
160
when were the first homo sapiens?
36,000 ya
161
when were the last neanderthals?
30,000 ya
162
when did the Gravettian period occur?
26,000-23,000 ya
163
what species was ONLY present during the Gravettian period?
homo sapiens
164
characteristics of the Gravettian period (4) (TVFN)
1) tools= increased hunting
2) venus figuirines & cave art
3) formal burials
4) nomadic camps
165
types of tools from the Gravettian period
1) hunting points w/ hafting
2) burins = working hides
3) bow & arrow
4) Atlatl
167
burials of gravettian period (3) (MGP)
1) multiple individuals
2) grave offering
3) possible status
169
venus figurines found in Europe/Russian during the gravettian period
mobiliary art
170
what were venus figurines made of during the gravettian period
stone, bone, ivory and clay
171
how big were the venus figurines from the gravettian period
small (4-25cm high)
172
what did the venus figurines symbolize
they symbolized "gender" (idealized, not realistic)
173
meaning of venus figurines (4) (ESGM)
1) erotica
2) self-portraits
3) great goddess/fertility cult
4) marriage exchange/regional groups
174
when did the Solutrean period occur?
23,000-20,000 ya
175
represents regional developments
solutrean period
176
what type of hunting was done during the solutrean period
small game
177
when did the Madalenian period occur?
20,000-11,000 ya
178
last ice age advance and intensification of previous trends
magdalenian period
179
tools during the magdalenian period?
1) harpoons (fish enter diets)
180
what did a variety of food mean during the magdalenian period
less chance of starvation
181
what type of art was found during the Magdalenian period
apogee cave art
182
SITE: Lascaux, France (Art site during the Magdalenian period) (2) (2N)
1) 2,000 figurines (animal,bone, abtract)
| 2) natural relief prespective
183
what color were the cave art site in Lascaux,France during the Magdalenian period
red and black
184
what technique was used on the cave art site in Lascaux?
painting and engraving
185
a newly discovered hominin. first fossils of this species ever found. a Mosaic species a lot of elements of other species in one.
homo naledi
186
what were homo naledi's teeth similar to?
humans but not all of them
187
what type of brain did homo naledi have?
a tiny brain but skull shaped like human
188
what type of feet and hands did homo naledi have?
like humans legs but not the upper leg and hands similar to human but not finger tips
189
what did homo naledi look most like?
homo erectus rather than austrolopithicus
190
why weren't they able to find a date for homo naledi?
because it was found in loose soil
191
when did homo erectus migrate out of africa?
2-1.5 mya
192
what did homo erectus introduce?
aucholean tool making
193
what site was the earliest evidence of homo erectus found and when?
Dmanisi,Georgia -1.7-1.8 mya
194
findings at Dmanisi,Georgia
1) crania of 3 homo erectus
| 2) tools and animal bones
195
Homo erectus site: Atapuerca, Spain
1) cave
2) possible transition to our homo ancestor
3) 30 speciman
196
when was the site of Atapuerca, Spain from
800,000 ya
197
what else is the pleistocene era known as?
the ice age
198
when did Neanderthals occur?
during the Pleistocene (cycles of extreme cold)
199
where were neanderthals primarily from?
Glacial Europe and some from Middle East
200
what did neanderthals evolve from?
the initial migration of homo erectus
201
how old are neanderthals?
200,000-300,000 years old
202
what was the cranial cc of neanderthals
1200-1700cc
203
three theories of neanderthal origins (3) (OMH)
1) "0ut of Arfica"
2) multiregionalism
3) hybridization
204
belief that neanderthals and homo sapiens evolve separatly from homo erectus; neanderthals in Europe and Homo sapiens in Africa. Replacement.
"Out of Africa"
205
belief that neanderthals and homo sapiens both evolved from 1st migration of homo erectus. gene flow. both contribute to modern genome.
"Multiregionalism"
206
why is multiregoinalism not accurate?
because homo sapiens evolved in Africa not Europe
207
same as "out of Africa" but instead of replacement, interbreeding
hybirdization
208
what is today's theory on the origin of neanderthals?
hybridization
209
skull characteristics of a neanderthal (4) (EOSP)
1) elongated rather than rounded
2) occipital bun
3) sloping forehead
4) prognetic nose
210
body characteristics of a neanderthal (4) (MSBL)
1) muscular
2) shorter
3) bowed legs
4) large rib cage
211
why were there differences between homo sapiens and neanderthals?
cold weather adaption
212
how does the physical traits of a neanderthal help in the cold?
1) larger nostrils warm air
2) larger rib cage= easier to breath cold air at higher altitudes
3) robust withstands cold= bowed legs from support
213
what are the physical attributes of a neanderthals language ability
the hyoid bone
214
connects the tongue and larynx
hyoid bone
216
what gives language ability besides the hyoid bone for neanderthals?
hypoglossal canal and nerve (controls movement of tongue) and FoxP2 (sppech articulation gene)
217
when did interbreeding of neanderthals and homo sapiens occur?
85,000-37,000 ya
218
what DNA was found for neanderthals? (4) (SHDL)
1) skin
2) hair
3) disease resistance
4) lower fertility
219
what site represented the earliest arrival of neanderthals and when?
Ehringsdorg, Germany, 200,000-250,000 ya
220
what site represented the latest and final replacement of neanderthals and when?
Mezmaiskaya Cave, Russia, 30,000 ya
221
tools used by neanderthals of retouched flakes
Mousterian tradition
223
SITE: Schonigen, Germany (evidence of organized hunting) (2) (WS)
1) wooden spear
| 2) simple but specialized
224
what type of studies was used to find evidence of organized hunting?
skeletal studies
225
what was found in skeletal studies?
high % of healed trauma (broken bones)
226
what type of social organization was there in the occupation of Europe?
home base sites in caves
227
what was found in home base sites in caves in Europe? (4) (SSHB)
1) sheltered
2) successive occupations
3) hearths/fires
4) burials (first to intentionally bury the dead) (seemed that the homo sapiens learned from them
228
what did the burials tell people about the occupation of Europe?
possible compassion and concept of after life
229
characteristics of burials in Europe (3) (CPS)
1) child and adult
2) pits, cave ledges/niches
3) sometimes with grave goods
230
site with evidence of burial. adult cave burial in pit. flower pollen. (no flowers nearby therefore it is intentional) (excavated in the 1970s)
SITE: Shanidar Cave, Iraq
231
site with evidence of burial. child in cave niche. Red deer maxilla (buried with child)
SITE: Amud Cave, Israel
232
cut marks on neanderthal (defleshing) and percussion marks (marrow extraction)
cannibalism
233
which species of hominin was the first to bury their dead?
neanderthals
234
what were time periods of the upper paleolithic (Aurignancian, Gravettian, etc.) first defined by archaeologists based on?
technological development, especially those relating to tools
235
what new tools were developed during the Gravettian period in europe?
the bow and arrow and atlatl which reflect an increased emphasis on hunting
236
4 theories of peopling of the New World (4)
1) Clovis First (oldest)
2) Pre-clovis
3) Solutrean Hypothesis
4) New Arrival (newest)
237
when did the Clovis First theory occur?
during the Pleistocene (aka ice age) 12,000 years ago (close to the end of the ice age)
238
what route did the clovis first theory take?
From Asia across Beringia through an ice free corridor (by walking because water wasn't there)
239
who was part of the clovis first theory
1) Big game hunters
2) fluted clovis points
3) ice-age mega fauna
240
when did extinction take place during the clovis first theory?
13,000-11,000 ya
241
what most likely caused the extinction during the clovis first?
changing climate
244
clovis first site displaying clovis culture. showed red ochre for possible decoration. not a typical site
Polwars II, Wyoming
245
what problems were there with the clovis first theory?
should find fluted points in Alaska earlier but don't
246
clovis first site displaying problems. showed triangular points. flute points much later than at Southern clovis sites.
SITE: Broken Mammoth, Alaska
247
when was the SITE: Broken Mammoth, Alaska from?
clovis first (14,000 ya)
248
what was wrong with timing of the clovis first theory?
the timing of the ice-free corridor b/t glacial sheets and the dates were recalibrated (10,500 ya- too late)
249
when did the pre-clovis theory occur?
arrival: 13,500 ya+
250
what route was taken during the pre-clovis?
from Asia via coastal migration
252
when was the pre-clovis site Meadowcroft, PA from?
c14 dated to 23,000-15,000 ya (was contested)
254
what did the timing tell us about the pre-clovis theory?
that people were far south by 13,000 ya +
255
what type of hunters were there during the pre-clovis theory?
not big game hunters (no clovis points) (foraging small game, marine sources)
256
what were some possibilities during the pre-clovis thoery?
that there were multiple cultural groups and different routes used
257
what were some problems during the pre-clovis theory
1) Meadowcroft- contaminated dates
| 2) coastal migration route: no coastal sites- underwater?
258
when did the Solutrean hypothesis theory occur?
15,000-13,000 ya
259
what route was taken according to the solutrean hypothesis thoery?
1) European origins
| 2) Atlantic "ice edge" route (by boat)
260
who was part of the solutrean hypothesis?
big-game (clovis) hunters
261
what evidence was found for the Solutrean hypothesis? (2) (FM)
1) fluted points similar to the European Solutrean
| 2) Meadowcroft Rockshelters (the "miller Point")
262
problems found with the Solutrean hypothesis
1) clovis 5,000 years later than Solutrean
2) Dangerous passage requiring maritime skill
3) differences in technology (no channel)
263
when did the Early arrival theory take place?
30,000 ya +
264
what route was taken according to the Early Arrival theory?
From Asia via Coastal route
269
what is the main difference between the Clovis first and solutrean model?
the route of migration
270
Genetic data of new world peoples (3) (5MG)
1) 5 "clades" for native new world peoples
2) MtDNA (maternal DNA from mom to child)
3) genetic similarities b/t dispesed peoples
271
what is an example of genetic similarity b/t dispersed peoples?
Eskimo and yanomamo
272
when did the dispersal of eskimo and yanomamo occur?
16,000 ya
273
3 main groups of linguistic data
1) Eskimo-Aleut (Alaska)
2) Na-Dene (Norther N. America)
3) Amerind (Central and south America)
274
two hypothesis of linguistic data
1) three migrations
| 2) one migration
275
three migration hypothesis
1) first Amerind speakers
2) second Na Dene
3) third Eskimo-Aleut
276
original proto-paleoindain language regionalized into groups.
one migration hypothesis
277
when is the one migration hypothesis from and what does it suggest?
pre-20,000 ya and that it would support the Early Arrival period.
278
what theory has the most supported evidence?
pre-clovis
279
what origin did combined archaeological genetic and linguistic data show?
siberian and Asian
280
what type of migration showed in the combined archaeological genetic and linguistic data
single migration with groups branching
281
when and what route did the combined archaeological, genetic and linguistic data show of the peopling of americas?
pre-clovis- 13,500 ya or earlier with a coastal route
282
what type of culture was showing about the peopling of the americas from combined archaeological, genetic and linguistic data?
mixed hunters and foragers. regional adaptions (clovis)
283
is archaeological evidence or linguistic and genetic evidence data older?
linguistic and genetic
284
what did the neolithic revolution bring? (2) (CB)
1) control nature
| 2) "becoming cultural"
285
what did the neolithic revolution bring rise to? (3) (VRC)
1) village life
2) religion
3) complexity etc. ?
286
what were the false preception of hunting/gathering and agriculture
1) hunting and gathering is "precarious"(difficult)
| 2) agriculture is beneficial/positive
287
what was the reality of h/g and agriculture?
1) h/g is healthier with more leisure time
| 2) farming= more disease, malnutrition
288
transition to farming impacts
1) diet- food groups
2) health/disease
3) physical activity
(starvation less likely for h/g)
289
how did the rise of agriculture come about?
it arose independently in different regions
290
what did domestication mean for the rise agriculture?
changes in technology and lifestyle
291
what the rise of agriculture intentional?
no initially intentional
292
what was the rise of agriculture irreversable?
food surplus= population increase= dependence on agriculture
293
what does a dramatic change require and what's an example?
a trigger. Climate change
294
tiggers for dramatic changes (2) (CP)
1) climate change
| 2) population growth- feedback loop
295
what caused climate change?
1) the end of the Pleistocene (10,000 ya)
| 2) new flora and fauna
296
The Middle East (2) (FL)
1) "Fertile Crescent"
| 2) long transitional process (25,000-7,000 ya)
297
when did the Kebaran period occur?
25,000-15,000 ya
298
what type of people were part of the Kebaran period?
hunter-gatherers (short occupation camps)
299
was there domestication during the Kebaran period?
no
302
when did the natufian occur?
15,000-12,000 ya
303
what type of people were part of the natufian period?
hunter/gatherers
304
characteristics about the natufian period (5) (1TPNP)
1) 1st architecture
2) technological innovation
3) possible organized relgion
4) no domestication
5) people settle and form groups BEFORE inventing agriculture
305
hunting during the natufian period (GW)
1) gazelle = 80% of wild Fauna
| 2) also wild goat, sheep, cattle
306
natufian site with permanent archectecture. round stone houses
SITE: Abu Hureyra, Syria
307
flotation found at Abu Hureyra site (3) (WWA)
1) wild grasses (cereal)
2) wild plum
3) almond
308
flotation found at the Ohalo, Israel site (5) (WBLGF)
1) wild wheat
2) barley
3) legumes
4) gazelle
5) fish
309
dog domestication (2) (bs)
1) buried with humans
| 2) shorter snout than wild
310
new types of tools (technological innovation) during the natufian period (2) (LG)
1) lunates (composite tools) (sickles)
| 2) grinding stones (reliance on wild grains)
312
natufian site showing traces of religion with no habitation. limestone pillar rings (rebuilt 20 times). each 16 tons. Carved with gazelles, scorpians, boars, foxes (totem spirits?)
SITE: Gobleki Tepe, Turkey
315
when did the early neolithic period occur?
12,000-8,500 ya
316
what did the early neolithic consist of?
younger dryas ("little ice age")
317
characteristics of the early neolithic period
1) Rapid onset (single human generation)
2) habitable area reduced
3) impacts cultural development
318
two period of the early neolithic period
1) Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
| 2) Pre-pottery Neotlithic B (PPNB)
319
when did the PPNA occur?
12,000-11,000 ya during the younger dryas (cold)
320
when did the PPNB occur?
11,000-8500 ya. after younger drya
321
PPNA characteristics (4) (ILCY)
1) increasingly complex tools
2) larger villages (more organized)
3) communal buildings (group labor, group benefit)
4) Y.D. sparks cooperation and need for protection
322
what type of complex tools were introduced during the PPNA
1) Blades ("sickle polish"- harvesting wild plants)
| 2) arrowheads (hunting)
324
was there domestication yet during the PPNA?
no
325
what showed evidence of domestication during the PPNB? (5) (CPLCD)
1) cereals (wheat & barley)
2) pulses (peas and lentils)
3) legumes (chickpeas)
4) changes from wild forms (bigger and more seeds and tough rachis)
5) domestication of animals (fall off of wild Gazelle) (goats, sheep, cattle)(slaughtered young males, outside natural range)
326
what did crowded, organized settlement demonstrate during the PPNB?
1) rectangular buildings
2) planning
3) handling conflict (rules)
327
site during the PPNB where the population grew to 5,000.
Abu Hureyra
328
when did the late neolithic period occur?
8,500-7,000 ya
329
what happened during the late neotlithic period?
villages collapse
330
what happened in response to villages collapsing during the late neolithic period?
1) decline in # and size of sites
2) shift to nomadic pastoralism (herder)
3) temporary- village rebound & grow
