Quiz #3 Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
characteristics of social complexity (
A
1) increasing segmentation/specialization
2) division of society into parts
2
Q
what does division of society into parts consist of?
A
corresponding specialists
3
Q
differential access to resources (rich & poor, conflict)
A
status distinction
4
Q
types of status distinctions
A
1) prestige
2) power
3) authority
5
Q
respect conferred based on culturally valued qualities
A
“prestige”
6
Q
ability to exercise one’s will over others (seizing leadership)
A
“power”
7
Q
socially approved use of power (majority of people agree that this person is a leader)
A
“authority”
8
Q
types of social structures from least complex,hierarchy to more complex,hierarchy
A
1) Band
2) tribe
3) chiefdom
4) state
9
Q
small group (60-100) in loosely defined territory
A
bands
10
Q
types of people in bands (3) (EKH)
A
1) egalitarian (equal roles)
2) kin-based (membership because born into or marry into)
3) H/G (nomadic) (rely on wild resources)
11
Q
culturally distinct groups
A
tribe
12
Q
what are tribes based on?
A
kinship
13
Q
types of people in tribes (3) (VCL)
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1) village farmers
2) clan/lineage bases
3) leaders; no formal gov’t (influential people)
14
Q
types of leaders in tribes
A
1) the village head
2) the big man
15
Q
characteristics of the village head (3) (NLM)
A
1) no real power
2) leads by example & persuasion (Prestige)
3) mediates disputes
16
Q
characteristics of the big man (2) (SO)
A
1) similar to village head but wider reach (not just one village but many)
2) often charsmatic- respect
17
Q
responsibilities of the big man (3) (FEF)
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1) feasts
2) encourages group contribution
3) facilities cooperation
18
Q
society with social ranking and formal leaders
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chiefdom
19
Q
what other social structure is a chiefdom most like?
A
mid-way between tribe and state
20
Q
how is a chiefdom like a tribe?
A
kin-based
21
Q
how is a chiefdom like a state?
A
institutional hierarchy (always have the office of a ruler)
22
Q
a chiefdom full-time political specialist that regulates the economy. greater autorhity to enforce decrees.
A
the chief (chiefdom)
23
Q
how does the chief of a chiefdom regulate the economy
A
through redistribution
24
Q
system where goods more from local level to centralized collection point and back
A
redistribution
25
what is an example of redistribution?
feasting
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how is the chief of a chiefdom selected?
inherits office (descent rather than achievement)
27
formal government hierarchial. power and authority enforced by permanent military
state
28
how is permanent military of a state done?
gov't has legal monopoly over use of force
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what is the membership of a state based on?
citizenship rather than kinship
30
how are the lives of citizens monitored in a state? (3) (CLE)
1) census
2) law and judiciary (protect and punish)
3) economic regulation and taxes (more formalized)
31
what archaeological evidence are we looking to increase? (3) (SCC)
1) social segmentation/specialization
2) cultural differentiation
3) conflict
32
types of archaeological evidence (4) (ABCR)
1) architecture
2) burials
3) craft specialization
4) raiding and warfare
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what evidence does archetecture give?
permanance (reflection of society that built it)
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what evidence does burials give?
status distinctions & identity differences between poor and rich
35
what evidence does craft specialization give?
technology and trade
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what evidence does raiding and warfare give?
conflict
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inherent human behavior (but so is compassion!)
violence
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scales of violence (3) (HRW)
1) Homicide
2) raiding
3) warfare
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one-on-one violence
homicide
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what does homicide require?
no complexity
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episodic group violence
raiding
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what is raiding a precursor for and what is it tied to?
to war and is tied to increasing complexity
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sustained use of organized force against independent groups
warfare
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characteristics of warfare
1) social rules
| 2) requires complexity (chiefdoms and states)
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characteristics of tribes
1) social org. rooted in kinship
2) culturally distinct groups
3) interpersonal conflicts escalate because of attack on kin
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what does an attack on kin signify in tribes?
attack on self (eye for an eye)
47
two theories of the origins of war (2)
1) materialist
| 2) dawinian
48
conflict arises over material resources (land, food, trade, goods)
materialist
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when are lives risked in the materialist theory?
only if survival depends on it
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when is there a rise of warfare?you
during times of scarcity
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people engage in war because it benefits their kin-group
darwinian
52
what is the darwinian theory the same as and how does it differ?
same as materialist but also extends to gaining status and presitge by young males
53
archaeological evidence of war (4) (SDWA)
1) skeletal evidence
2) defensive fortifications, outlooks
3) weapons, armor, shields
4) artistic depictions
54
example of canabalism and raiding in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona. "outbreak of Cannabalism"
Anasazi Tribes, Four Corners
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when did the "outbreak of cannibalism" occur?
850 years ago (AD 1150)
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example of cannibalism and raiding. a village with 2 areas of scattered bone.
SITE: Cowboy Wash
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what shape is the Site, Cowboy wash in?
disarticulated and damaged
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what is the site, Cowboy Wash not in cotext of?
a burial
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what did analysis reveal about cowboy wash?
1) 1,000 fragments from 7 people
| 2) looked like animal bones post-butchery
60
Finds at Cowboy Wash (4) (CBBP)
1) cut marks
2) burn patterns
3) breakage
4) pot polish
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where were the cut marks found at cowboy wash and what could they mean?
at muscle attachments and disarticulation/ removal of flesh= possible eating
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what could exposure to heat from the burn patterns at cow boy wash mean?
possible cooking
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what could smashing along long-bone shafts from breakage at cowboy wash mean?
access to marrow
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what did the pot polish at cowboy wash show?
rounding and burnishing of bone ends
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what could pot polish can only mean at cowboy wash?
cooking
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how could they tell if they actually ate them at the Anasazi Tribes, four corners
with an ongoing study of corpolites
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context of finds at Anasazi Tribes, four corners
1) sites rapidly abandoned
2) covered with sterile soil
3) pattern repeated
4) some pottery at sites non-local
5) widespread drought
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interpretations of findings at Anasazi Tribes, four corners
1) "social control" exerted by emerging elites
2) cultural practices brought by outsiders
3) terrorism by locals to drive away outsiders
69
what did the complexity in Europe cause an increase of? (3) (SCC)
1) social segmentation/specialization
2) cultural differentiation
3) conflict
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when did the complexity in Europe occur?
7,000-2,000 YA
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characteristics of complexity in Europe (3) (FTR)
1) farming spreads into Europe
2) Transition from stone to bronze age
3) rise of social complexity
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material evidence of complexity in Europe (3) (ACR)
1) architecture (permanance)
2) craft specialization (technology and trade)
3) raiding (conflict) (not warfare)
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complex settlement (archetecture)
Linearband Keramik (LBK) culture
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when did LBK culture occur?
7,000 ya
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where did LBK occur out of?
Eastern Europe (spread from east to west)
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what type of houses were in LBK villages?
long houses
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characteristics of long houses (2) (LS)
1) length (upto 7cm)
| 2) special structures for feasting/ritual
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what did longer long houses represent?
higher status
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LBK culture characteristics (4) (FISR)
1 ) farmers and cattle herders
2) inter-village interaction (cattle breeding, marriage)
3) standardized
4) rapid spread
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what did rapid spread of LBK culture mean?
colonizing farmers (east to west)
81
example of archetecture in complexity in Euriope. chambered tombs, "stone settings" and "menhirs"
megalithic monuments
82
what was the emphasis in megalithic monuments? (2) (CC)
1) communal work and trial
| 2) culture permanance
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characteristics of craft specialization in complexity in Europe (2) (SS)
1) stability allows social segmentation, specialization and innovation
2) status distinction
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what did status distinction in craft specialization mean?
different crafts=different social value
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invention of metallurgy (3) (CBG)
1) copper-working
2) bronze-working
3) Gold and Jade
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when did copper-working occur?
6,000 ya
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charactertistics of copper-working (3) (PPW)
1) possibly developed with plow
2) personal adornment
3) weapons
88
when did bronze-working occur?
4,000 ya
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charactertistics of bronze-working (3) (91I)
1) 90% copper (widely available)
2) 10% tin (less available)= trade networks
3) international
90
standardized, wide distribution. drinking vessels in graves with copper weapons.
bell beaker pottery
91
when did bell beaker pottery occur?
4500 ya
92
example of bell beaker pottery. burial near stonehenge, . archery equipment, metal-working tools, bell peaks
amesbury archer (burial)
93
gold and jade charactertistics
1) adornment
2) display of wealth
3) long distance trade (rich burial)
94
example of burial and tombs in complexity of Europe. graveyard outside settlement. death part of public sphere. 280 tombs. some rich, some poor over 1,000 objects, many gold (status signaling)
SITE: Varna, Bulgaria (6000 ya)
95
example of burial and tombs in complexity of Europe. 80 tombs- spatial hierarchy. 1,140 individuals. grave goods from Africa (ivory, ostrich eggs) (higher status- graves on top)
SITE: Los Millares, Spain (5,000 ya)
96
Types of conflict in the complexity in Europe (3) (HPR)
1) homicide
2) professional warriors
3) raiding
97
example of homicide in the Swiss Alps. male 25-45, corpse frozen and wind-dried (natural mummification). shot in the back with an arrow. slash wounds on hands. clothing/tools- blood of four people
Otzi the Iceman (5000 ya)
98
possible interpretations of Otzi the Iceman
1) herder leading flock to pasture
| 2) shaman along in mountains
99
example of homicide. peat bog/marshes. possible evidence of excessive murder.
bog bodies
100
when did bog bodies occur and where?
2,000-3,000 ya in N. Europe
101
example of bog body. 2 non-deadly blows to the head. throat slit, neck broken (mummificcation by submersion)
lindow man, England
102
example of bog body. stabbed and strangled (young girl in teens)
yde girl
103
uses bronze weapons of axes, swords, helmets, breast plates. rise of "warrior class"
professional warriors
104
example of direct evidence of raiding. 34 bodies (all ages/sexes). wounds in back. no defensive wounds.
SITE: Talheim
105
where and when did the site Talheim occur?
Germany (LBK), 7,000 ya
106
example of indirect evidence of raiding. fortified settlements. marshy isle. timber palisade
SITE: Biskupin, Poland
107
charactertistics of timber palisades in the Site Biskupin, Poland (4) (6FTC)
1) 6m high, 463 m long
2) filled with sand
3) tower
4) clay coating (blocks fire arrows)
108
example of complexity in new and old worlds in US southwest
SITE: Chaco Canyon
109
when was the occupation of Chaco Canyon?
1200 ya
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what type of houses were at Chaco Canyon and what was the focus?
"Great Houses" focus on regional network
111
apartment complexes. could hold over 1,000 but only 100 lived year round
great houses (squares)
112
what did it mean that only 100 people lived in great houses year round even though they were so big?
feasting (middens) (episodic deposits)
113
sources of power at Chaco Canyon (3) (RWE)
1) Religion
2) water control
3) economy
114
how was religion represented as a source of power at chaco canyon?
Kivas (circular structures in great houses) (not always in great houses)
115
how was water control represeted as a source of power at chaco canyon?
desert and irrigation
116
how was the economy represented as a source of power at chaco canyon?
road network and redistribution
117
who was in charge at chaco canyon?
elites
118
what did the size require at chaco canyon?
overseers
119
why did the size require overseers in chaco canyon?
possible corvee labor (attacks paid in forms of labor)
120
how many trees were there in chaco canyon?
20,000 per great house (dendrochronology)
121
how was conspicuous consumption proved at chaco canyon? (3) (B5M)
1) burial with 2 males
2) 50,000 pieces of turquoise
3) macaw skeletons
122
what caused the collapse of chaco canyon? (3) (DFC)
1) drought 900 ya (great houses fall into abandonment)
2) fall of great houses
3) conflict
123
what types of conflict led to the collapse of chaco canyon?
1) cannibalism (cowboy wash)
| 2) raiding (mass graves and skeletal trauma)
124
when was the Mississippian period?
1000-600 ya
125
what type of building and people were there during the Mississippian period?
Mound-builders and settled farmers
126
where was Cahokia Chiefdom?
in the Mississippi River Valley
127
support wooden structures.
mound-building
128
how were mound-building built?
in stages (over many generations) and possible Corvee
129
type of mound-building. 30 m high, earthen and 600,000 cubic m.
monks mound
130
sources of power at Cahokia Chiefdom? (2) (RE)
1) ritual
| 2) economy
131
how was ritual seen at cahokia chiefdom?
"the woodhenge" (solar alignments at equinoxes)
132
how was economy seen at Cahokia chiefdom?
feasting (manifests status differences and reinforces solidarity)
133
whose in charge at Cahokia Chiefdom?
"birdman" burial (shape of bird) and sacraficed (more common in states)(4 men, 50 young women)
134
how did cahokia chiefdom collapse? (2) (PP)
1) possible deforestation
| 2) possible backlash against authority
135
3 case studies from the Old World in Africa (SSN)
1) Sahara (west/north)- farmers and nomads
2) sub-sharan (south)- chiefdoms
3) Nile Valley (north/east)- ancient states (Egypt)
136
2 trade networks of complexity stimulated by trade?
1) Trans-sharan trade routes (north)
| 2) Indian Oceanic trade routes (south)
137
oasis trading posts for camel caravans
Saharan Africa
138
when did occupation at Timbuktu occur and what type of place was it?
1,000 ya (nomadic camp)
139
what was occuring at Timbuktu from 1000-600 ya?
merchants build market, permanent structures
140
what was occuring in AD 1330 in Timbuktu? (3) (CMC)
1) captured by Mali Empire
2) muslin center of trade and learning
3) catapulted from tribe to state overnight
141
cattle farming and gold mines. Indian ocean trade
sub-sarahan Africa
142
example of a sub saharan site?
SITE" Great Zimbabwe (670-250 ya
143
3 types of enclosures in Great Zimbabwe (HGV)
1) Hill complex
2) great enclosure
3) valley complex
144
oldest. granite hill. possibly ceremonial. "zimbabwe birds"
hill complex
145
monoliths a top walls. zimbabwe flag
"Zimbabwe birds"
146
occupied 2nd. on plain below hill (11 m high and 1 million granite blocks)
great enclosure
147
occupied 3rd. residential enclosures. pottery, copper & iron. Animal remains.
valley complex
148
possible interpretations of Great Zimbabwe consisting of 3 parts? (2)
1) 3 parts of site= different chiefs or
| 2) 3 parts of site= different functions
149
if the interpretation of the 3 parts of the site at Great Zimbabwe are because they have different functions, what are the functions? (3) (HEV)
1) hill (ritual)
2) enclosure (political)
3) valley (residential)
