Quiz #2

Question 1

4 theories of migration into the Americas

Answer 1

1) Clovis first
2) pre-clovis
3) solutrean hypothesis
4) early arrival

Question 2

when did the Clovis first theory take place?

Answer 2

during the Pleistocene (ice age) 12,000 ya (close to the end of the ice age)

Question 3

what route would have been taken for the Clovis First theory ?

Answer 3

From Asia across Beringia through an ice-free corridor (by walking because water wasn’t there)

Question 4

Who would have been part of the Clovis first theory? (4) (BFIE)

Answer 4

1) Big-game hunters
2) fluted clovis points
3) ice-age megafauna
4) extinction: 13,000-11,000 ya

Question 5

what most likely caused the extinction during the Clovis first theory?

Answer 5

the changing climate

Question 6

examples of clovis-first sites

Answer 6

1) Blackwater Draw, NM (typical)
2) Gault, Texas (not typical)
3) Polwars II, Wyoming (not typical)

Question 7

problem associated with clovis first theory and example

Answer 7

1) should find fluted points in Alaska earlier but don’t. Broken Mammoth, Alaska.
2) timing of ice-free corridor between glacial sheets
3) dates recalibrated (10,500 ya- too late)

Question 8

When did the Pre-clovis theory occur?

Answer 8

arrival 13,500 ya

Question 9

what route would the pre-clovis theory take?

Answer 9

from Asia via coastal migration

Question 10

examples of pre-clovis theory

Answer 10

1) Meadowcroft Rockshelter, PA (discovered older sites than clovis first)
2) Monte Verde, Chile

Question 11

findings at Monte Verde, Childe (pre clovis) (SORSA)

Answer 11

1) settlement with wood and hide tents
2) organic remains
3) rope, wood, tools, stone points (not clovis)
4) seeds = foraging
5) animal bones (hunting large and small game)

Question 12

facts about Pre-clovis theory (3) (PNP)

Answer 12

1) people far south by 13,000 ya +
2) not big game hunters (no clovis points, foraging, small game, marine resources)
3) Possible multiple cultural groups and different routes (not a simple answer)

Question 13

problems with Pre-clovis (2) (MC)

Answer 13

1) meadowcroft: contaminated dates

2) coastal migration route: no coastal sites- underwater?

Question 14

when did the Solutrean hypothesis occur?

Answer 14

15,000-13,000 ya

Question 15

what route did the solutrean hypothesis take? (2) (EA)

Answer 15

1) European origins

2) atlantic “ice edge” route (by boat)

Question 16

who was part of the solutrean hypothesis?

Answer 16

big-game (clovis) hunters

Question 17

evidence from Solutrean hypothesis (2) (FM)

Answer 17

1) fluted points similar to European Solutrean

2) meadowcroft Rockshelter (very far east) “Mille Point” (proves that people came from Europe, not Asia)

Question 18

problems with the solutrean hypothesis (3) (CDD)

Answer 18

1) clovis 5,000 years later than Solutrean
2) dangerous passage requiring maritime skill
3) differences in technology (no channel)

Question 19

When did Early arrival occur?

Answer 19

30,000 ya

Question 20

what route did Early arrival take?

Answer 20

from Asia via coastal route (pre-pre clovis model)

Question 21

examples of evidence of early arrival sites

Answer 21

1) Yana River, Siberia (earliest evidence near Beringia)

2) Pedra Furada, Brazil

Question 22

Genetic Data of the New World(3) (5MG)

Answer 22

1) 5 “clades” for native new world peoples
2) MtDNA
3) Genetic similarity between dispersed peoples

Question 23

where are all 5 “clades” for the native new world peoples traced back to according to genetic data?

Answer 23

Siberia

Question 24

what does MtDNA (DNA from mom to child) trace back to according to genetics?

Answer 24

Siberia and Mongolia

Question 25

what two genetic simalarity are dispersed between peoples

Answer 25

Eskimo and Yanomamo

Question 26

how many years ago was a single dispersal of Eskimos and Yanomamos?

Answer 26

16,000 ya

Question 27

what does the dispersal of Eskimos and yanomamos suggest?

Answer 27

that people came to the Americas 16,000 ya and separated geographically (pre-clovis and early arrival)

Question 28

3 main groups of linguistic data

Answer 28

1) Eskimo- Aleut (Alaska) 2) Na-Dene (Northern N. America) 3) Amerind (Central & South America)

Question 29

two hypothesis of linguistic data

Answer 29

1) three migrations | 2) one migration (pre-20,000 ya)

Question 30

what does the three migrations hypothesis include?

Answer 30

1) first Amerind speakers 2) second Na Dene Speakers 3) Third Eskimo-Aleut

Question 31

what does the one migration hypothesis inculde?

Answer 31

original proto-paleoindian language regionalized into groups

Question 32

if the one migration hypothesis is the case what does that mean?

Answer 32

that it supports the Early Arrival

Question 33

which theories have the most supported evidence?

Answer 33

pre-clovis

Question 34

facts about peopling of the Americas (6) (SSPCCA)

Answer 34

1) siberian/asian origins 2) single migration w/ groups brancing 3) pre-clovis- 13,000 ya or earlier 4) coastal route 5) culture: mixed hunters and foragers and regional adaptations (Clovis) 6) Archaeological evidence: About 15,000 ya and linguistic and genetic data older

Question 35

what is V. Gordon Chile known for coining?

Answer 35

the Neolithic "Revolution"

Question 36

what did the neolithic revolution bring? (2) (CB)

Answer 36

1) control nature | 2) "becoming cultural"

Question 37

what did the neolithic revolutions bring rise to? (3) (VRC)

Answer 37

1) village life 2) religion 3) complexity etc.

Question 38

most of the time on the planet what were we?

Answer 38

hunter/gatherers

Question 39

false perceptions during the neolithic revolution (2) (HA)

Answer 39

1) hunting & gather is "precarious" (difficult) | 2) agriculture is beneficial/positive

Question 40

reality of those false perceptions during the neolithic revolution

Answer 40

1) hunting & gathering is healthier, more leisure time | 2) farming= more disease & malnutrition

Question 41

what does the transition to farming impact? (3) (DHP)

Answer 41

1) diet- food groups 2) health/disease 3) physical activity (starvation is less likely for h/g)

Question 42

facts about the neolithic revolution (4) (ADNI)

Answer 42

1) arose independently in different regions 2) domestication = changes in technology & lifestyle 3) not initially intentional 4) ireversable (fo)od surplus= population increase which makes people dependent on agriculture

Question 43

what do dramatic changes require which causes domestication?

Answer 43

a trigger

Question 44

triggers that caused domestication

Answer 44

1) climate change | 2) population growth- feedback loop

Question 45

facts about climate change which triggered domestication during the neolithic period (2) (EN)

Answer 45

1) end of the pleistocene (10,000 ya) | 2) new flora & fauna

Question 46

domestication of the middle east (2) (FL)

Answer 46

1) "fertile crescent" | 2) long transitional process (25,000-7,000 ya)

Question 47

when did the Kebaran Period occur?

Answer 47

25,000-15,000 ya

Question 48

characterizations of the Kebaran period (2) (HN)

Answer 48

1) hunter-gatherers (shot occupation camps) | 2) no domestication

Question 49

site during the Kebaran period

Answer 49

Ohalo, Israel

Question 50

when did the Natufian period occur?

Answer 50

15,000-12,000 ya

Question 51

characteristics of the natufian period (6) (HFTPNP)

Answer 51

1) hunter/gatherers 2) first arhictecture 3) technological innovation 4) possible organized religion 5) no domestication 6) people settle & form groups BEFORE inventing agriculture

Question 52

hunting during the natufian period (2) (GW)

Answer 52

1) Gazelle= 80% of wild fauna | 2) wild goat, sheep, cattle

Question 53

site during representing permanent architecture during the natufian period

Answer 53

Hureyra, Syria

Question 54

characteristics of dog domestication during the natufian period (2) (BS)

Answer 54

1) buried with humans | 2) shorter snout than wild

Question 55

charactertistics of technical innovation during the natufian period (2) (LG)

Answer 55

1) lunates- composite tools (sickles) | 2) grinding stones (reliance on wild grains)

Question 56

site that suggests organized relgiion during natuifian period

Answer 56

Hilazon Tachtit, Israel

Question 57

another site that represents organized religions during the natufian period

Answer 57

Gobekli, Tepe, Turkey

Question 58

what does the site in Gobekli Tepe, Turkey suggest evidence of?

Answer 58

religious pilgramage

Question 59

when did the early neolithic period occur?

Answer 59

12,000-8,500 years ago

Question 60

what did the early neolithic period consist of?

Answer 60

younger dryas (little "Ice Age."

Question 61

younger dryas characteristics (3) (RHI)

Answer 61

1) rapid onset (single human generation) 2) habitable area reduced 3) impacts cultural development

Question 62

two periods of early neolithic period (2) (PP)

Answer 62

1) pre-pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) | 2) pre-pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)

Question 63

when did the PPNA period occur?

Answer 63

12,000-11,000 ya during the younger dryas (cold)

Question 64

when did the PPNB period occur/

Answer 64

11,000-8,500 years after the younger dryas

Question 65

characteristics of the PPNA

Answer 65

1) increasingly complex tools 2) larger villages (more organized) 3) communal buildings (group labor, group benefit) 4) Y.D. speaks cooperation & need for protection

Question 66

what type of complex tools were introduced during the PPNA?

Answer 66

blades (Sickle pollish"- harvesting wild plants) and arrowheads (hunting)

Question 67

site from the PPNA

Answer 67

Jerf el Ahmar, Syria

Question 68

is there domestication during the PPNA?

Answer 68

no

Question 69

evidence for domestication during the PPNB (4) (CPLC)

Answer 69

1) cereals (wheat & barley) 2) pulses (peas & lentils) 3) legumes (chickpeas) 4) changes from wild forms (bigger and more seeds) (tough rachis)

Question 70

domestication of animals (2) (FD)

Answer 70

1) falloff of wild gazelle | 2) domesticated goat, sheep, cattle & pigs (slaughtered young males) (outside natural range)

Question 71

evidence of crowded organized settlements during the PPNB

Answer 71

1) rectangular buildings 2) planning 3) handling conflict (rules)

Question 72

site during the PPNB

Answer 72

Abu Hureyra (population grows to 5,000)

Question 73

when did the late neolithic period occur?

Answer 73

8,500-7,000 ya

Question 74

what happens during the late neolithic period?

Answer 74

villages collapse

Question 75

characteristics of villages collapsing during the PPNB (3) (DPT)

Answer 75

1) decline in number & size of sites 2) possible shift to nomadic pastoralism (live a nomadic lifestyle but move form place to place) 3) temporary- village rebound & grow

Question 75

What is the main difference between the clovis first and solutrean model?

Answer 75

The route of migration