Quiz #4 Flashcards
1
Q
political entity uniting diverse societies and cultures under a single supreme ruler (emperor)
A
empire
2
Q
what type of relations did empires have?
A
core- periphery relations
3
Q
how were core-periphery relations seen in empires?
A
dynamic between capital and provinces
4
Q
what were empires regulated through? (2) (CF)
A
1) Communication
2) force
5
Q
where was the Inca empire from and when?
A
South America, 1476-1533AD
6
Q
what part of South America was the Inca Empire?
A
Chile to Ecuador
7
Q
what did the location of the Inca empire show?
A
that they were environmentally diverse
8
Q
who was involved in the Inca empire?
A
12 million people from 80 (conquered) provinces
9
Q
in terms of language what was the inca empire?
A
linguistically diverse (a lot of languages)
10
Q
what did the Inca empire merge from?
A
earlier states (conquest and alliances)
11
Q
what type of economy did the inca empire have?
A
a Tribute economy
12
Q
how was the tribute economy executed?
A
1) textiles
2) labor
(tax)
13
Q
supreme ruler of the Inca empire. (always male)
A
the Inca
14
Q
what happened after the Inca would die?
A
they were mummified/worshiped after death
15
Q
what happens to the Inca’s wealth after they die?
A
it’s passed to descendents but NOT the next Inca
16
Q
imperial capital of the Inca empire. cutstone masonry.
A
Cuzco
17
Q
what type of tax did the Inca empire have?
A
labor tax; 20,000 over decades
18
Q
example of other centers in the Inca empire in the Andes. feasting halls. vessels for corn beer, coca and meat
A
SITE: Hua’nuco Pampa
19
Q
an example of other centers in the Inca empire in the Andes. Inca emperor. ceremonial retreat. sacred landscape.
A
SITE: Machu Picchu
20
Q
what were roads used for the Inca empire?
A
1) communication
2) trade and conquest
21
Q
charactertistics of roads in the Inca empire (2)
A
1) 40,000 km
2) stone lined
22
Q
how were roads built in the Inca empire?
A
labor (corvee)
23
Q
what type of bridges did the Inca empire have? (2)
A
1) floating
2) suspension (some 45m long)
24
Q
how often were way stations in the Inca Empire?
A
every 6-9km along the road
25
what were way stations for in the Inca empire? (4) (ATLB)
1) administration
2) trade
3) lodging
4) barracks (military)
26
how was force seen in the Inca empire?
via warfare
27
characteristics of warfare in the Inca empire (3) (1MM)
1) 10k+ troops
2) multi-ethnic forces
3) massed frontal assaults
28
characteristics of massed frontal assualts (2) (AH)
1) arrows, slings, spears and clubs
| 2) hand-to-hand
29
was there a known written language in the inca empire?
no
30
what was found in the Inca empire that archaeologists throught might represent writing?
kipus (knotted cords)
31
what was believed to be true of the Kipus? (4) (UPPP)
1) undeciphered
2) possibly coded language
3) possibly accounting
4) possibly stones
32
how did the Inca empire end?
the Spanish conquest in 1533
33
who came to the inca empire during the Spanish conquest in 1533?
Pizaro + 168 men + 1 canon + 27 horses
34
what is a result of the spanish conquest in the Inca empire?
1) strife within empire and small pox
| 2) unrest= native allies for Pizaro (small pox killed 90% of people)
35
where was the Aztec empire and when?
Central Mexico, 1325-1519AD (post-classic period)
36
how big was the Aztec empire?
200,000 sq km
37
how were the inca and aztec placed?
inca was spread out and aztec is densly placed
38
characteristics of the Aztec empire (4) (6lct)
1) 6-10 million people
2) linguistically diverse
3) cultural/religious assimiliation NOT required
4) tribute economy
39
what were the Aztec origins?
nomads (tribal) found Tenochtitlan (lake Texcoco)
40
characteristics of aztec origins (2) (M1)
1) mercenaries
| 2) 1st Aztec king subjugaes surrounding city-states
41
in terms of warfare what type of society was the Aztec empire?
a militeristic society
42
what were military school for in the Aztec for?
commoners (men and women)
43
what role did men and women have in the military?
men did the fighting and women wrote poems about war
44
was the Aztec empire a warrior society?
yes
45
types of warriors in the aztec empire
1) eagle
| 2) jaguar
46
what did military success do for the aztec empire?
improves social standing
47
what type of network did the aztec empire have for warfare?
a spy network
48
what type of relay did the aztec empire have for warfare
a messenger relay
49
what did tribute provide for the aztec empire in warfare?
campaign supplies
50
how big was the army in the aztec empire?
approx 500,000
51
what is the Aztec capital?
Tenochtitlan
52
where was Tenochtitlan under?
Modern Mexico City
53
what did canals equal in Tenochtitlan?
streets
54
characteristics of Tenochtitlan (5) (PMASR)
1) palaces
2) marketplace
3) aqueducts
4) sewage system
5) religious architecture (heart of empire)
55
what made the Aztec empire more livable?
swamps were drained and chinpas built
56
how were swamps drained and chinpas built in the Aztec empire?
raised fields ("floating gardens")
57
religious structure (heart of the city). pyramid for patron G-ds. cosmic center of universe. site of human sacrifice
templo mayer
58
characteristics of human sacrifice in the Aztec empire (3) (DHO)
1) deities keep cosmic order- sacrifice selves to create universe
2) human sustain them via rituals
3) offerings of tonalli (life force)
59
reasons for human sacrifice in the Aztec empire?
1) progmatic=domination/ritual intimidation
| 2) extension of idea of tribute
60
how was extension of the idea of tribute in the Aztec empire?
1) when material tributes those were refused.
| 2) when rebellion led to war (capital captive warriors)
61
when was the Aztec conqest?
1519
62
who conquested Aztec?
herman cortes + small force
63
what was captured in the Aztec empire?
Montezuma
64
characteristics of Conquest
1) with native allies
| 2) small pox
65
issues of archaeology and politics (2) (WW)
1) who has the right to interpret the past?
| 2) who owns the material remains of the past?
66
subject of the case study: who owns the past? (2) (NR)
1) native right in N. America
| 2) Repatriation (returning to people material remains of ancestors)
67
was repatriation simple or complicated?
very complicated
68
federally funded legal process for returning cultural items to native groups
NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990)
69
what items were examined for NAGPRA? (2) (HS)
1) human remains
| 2) sacred objects
70
in NAGPRA what is balanced with ethical treatment of living descendents?
scholorly concerns
71
before 1990 what did NAGPRA apply to?
existing museum collections
72
how were existing museum collections for NAGRPA monitored?
must catalogue items and contact possible living heirs (federal funded)
73
what senator supported NAGRPA?
Senator John McCain
74
findings at museuems (3) (HAO)
1) human remains: 40,000
2) asscociated funerary objects: 1 million
3) other sacred objects: 6000
75
after 1990 what did NAGPRA apply to?
newly discovered remains
76
what did newly discovered items for NAGRPA include?
1) both "inadvertent" and "planned"
| 2) consultation with native groups
77
what does NAGPRA allow for?
short time for anaysis
78
what can happen if remains are determined American Indian?
analysis can occur only with documented tribal consent.
79
problems with NAGPRA
1) only applies to public land
| 2) defines remains as "native american" if can be related to a culture that IS indigenous to the US (not WAS)
80
what is an example of NAGRPA?
Kennewick Man
81
what was Kennewick man?
a skeleton discovered in Kennewick, WA in 1996
82
How old did C14 dating show Kennewick man was?
8400 yo
83
how many tribes were there at Kennewick?
5
84
what did the 5 tribes at Kennewick claim as?
ancestor, disputed by researchers
85
when was the court case of the Kennewick man?
2002 ruling
86
what was the result of the 2002 ruling of the Kennewick man?
does not qualify because of his age; permits analysis
87
what did the skeletal analysis of the Kennewick man show?
unlike modern Native americans
88
what did the DNA of the Kennewick man show?
Ainu SE Asia (old world population)
89
what were some issues with the Kennewick man? (2) (SG)
1) should cultural value outweigh scientific value?
| 2) given his age, is he "Native American"/"indigenous"?
90
how can archaeological remains and interpretations impact politics and vice versa?
1) destruction of cultural heritage as an act of war
| 2) archaeological remains used to justify war with conquest.
91
what is an example of archaeological remains impacted politics?
Great Zimbabwe
92
what is Great Zimbabwe and when is it from?
an African Chiefdom, 670-250ya
93
who was part of Great Zimbabwe and why?
colonial eruopeans to justify conquest
94
what were origins in Great Zimbabwe first attributed to?
Pheonician traders, not Native Africans
95
example of Pheonician traders in Great Zimbabwe?
Palace of Queen of Sheba
96
what hapened to the idea of African origins in Great Zimbabwe?
banned by Rhodesian government in the early 20th century
97
what happened in 1980 in Great Zimbabwe?
Zimbabwe gains independence and names itself after ruins
98
what is another example of politics impacted archaeology?
Nazi Germany
99
what was archaeology used for in Nazi Germany?
to justify racism and political expansion
100
who was a Nazi archaeologist?
Gustav Kossinna
101
Nazi theories (2) (KS)
1) Kulturkeise theory
| 2) search for "Aryan culture" to justify conquest and racism
102
anywhere that "Germanic" artifacts are found was once German territory and has been wrongfully usurped
Kulturkreise theory
103
characteristics of Archaeology and ethics (3) (ADC)
1) archaeologists often outsiders
2) do locals have a moral/ethical right to participate in study of their past?
3) "community Archaeology"
104
what is incorporated in "community archaeology?
locals in planning
105
what is balanced in "community archaeology?
indigneous and scholarity interests
106
what does "community archaeology" involve?
locals in research
107
what is the purpose of using locals in research in "community arch."?(2) (FD)
1) facilitates understanding archaeology
| 2) diminishes looting
108
what is developed in "community arch."
cultural centers
109
what is the purpose of cultural centers in "community arch" (2) (FS)
1) facilitates interaction and education
| 2) stimulates tourism
110
cons of "Community arch" (5) (ORWEC)
1) over emphasis on tourism/ commecialization
2) reduced access to local resources
3) women often exluded
4) existing power relations may threaten success.
5) conflicting viewpoints
111
Time periods of the Archaeology of Manhattan (9) (PECDCRF1M)
1) Prehistory
2) Early History
3) Contact Period
4) Dutch New Amsterdam
5) Colonial New York
6) Revolutionary New York
7) Federal New York
8) 19th Century New York
9) Modern NYC
112
during the pre-history era of Manhattan (2) (EB)
1) end of the ice age
| 2) big game hunters
113
what was found in Staten Island 11000 ya? (2) (HM)
1) hearths, fluted points, hide-working tools
| 2) marine resources (oysters)
114
what was happening during the prehistory of Manhattan 9000 ya?
climate warms- Holocene
115
what was a result of the climate warming- Holocene in the Prehistory of Manahattan 9000 ya? (2) (MW)
1) megafauna die
| 2) waters rise- valleys become rivers (valley-> glacier -> river)
116
what was happening during the prehistory of Manhattan 2500 ya?
local adaption
117
what was a result of local adaption during the Prehistory of Manhattan 2500 ya? (3) (MMS)
1) marine resources
2) minimal farming (squash and sunflower 2500ya and corn 1000 ya)
3) seasonal farming
118
What is the Early History of Manhattan known for?
the Arrival of Europeans
119
who was the first European to be documented in NY?
Henry Hudson, 1609
120
how did Henry Hudson arrive in NY?
on the Halve Maen (ship)
121
what was the purpose of Hudson's visit to NY and what happened while he was there? (2) (LE)
1) looking for the NW passage
| 2) encounter Lenape (native american troop)
122
after Henry Hudson, what was the first European expedition to spend extended time there?
the Tijger, 1613 (ship)
123
evidence found that dutch merchants existed during Early History Manhattan (2) (1E)
1) 1961 Village subway- ships remains
| 2) earliest archaeological evidence of Europeans
124
When was New Amsterdam founded?
1624
125
who founded New Amsterdam?
Dutch West India Trading company (Fort Amsterdam)
126
who existed during the Contact period inf Manhattan?
Lenape Manhattan
127
characteristics of the Lenape Manhattan
1) 100+ camps, fields, trials and paths across 5 boroughs
| 2) seasonal occupation
128
evidence of Lenape/European interaction (3) (WFS)
1) wampum
2) fur trade
3) small pox
129
What did Europeans view the wampum as?
native "currency"
130
what was wampum accepted as in New Amsterdam?
money
131
how was wampum made?
in a "factory" in the Bronx
132
characteristics of fur trade in Manhattan
1) initially peaceful, eventually disruptive
| 2) altered Lenape enconomic and social life
133
Characteristics of small pox in Manhattan
1) violence escalates
| 2) massacre in 1645
134
what was a result of the massacre in 1645 in Manhattan? (2) (1D)
1) 1600 natives killed
| 2) dutch control solidified
135
example of Dutch New Amsterdam. modern day Pearl and whitehall. early 1600s. foundations, floor and roof tiles. Dutch coins. Historial records, Hudson furs, Virginia tobacco
SITE: Heerman's Warehouse
136
example of Dutch New Amsterdam. Modern day Pearl and Coenties Alley. Current Goldman Sach headquarters. Old Dutch and Lovelace Tavern (clay pipes, wine bottles and glass)
SITE: Stadt Huys Block
137
example of Dutch New Amsterdam. modern day pearl street. Double-wide streets=inland vessel slips.
SITE: Conties Slip
138
when did Land filling occur at Coenties Slip?
1650
139
How much of lower manhattan was land-filled?
1/3
140
example of Dutch New Amsterdam. merchant vessel in the early 1700s. modern day water street. fitting stripped. sunk for landfill.
SITE: 175 Water Street
141
what did holes in hull at 175 Water street mean?
tropical worms (West Indies trade)
142
what happens during Colonial New York?
The British invade in 1664
143
what do the British change about NY? (2) (TP)
1) They rename it New York
| 2) put an official government in place
144
example of Colonial New York. City's 1st almhouse (1730s)
SITE: City Hall Park
145
what was being done at City Hall Park?
button manufacture= work for shelter. (buttons and blanks)
146
when did the Northward expansion occur?
1790, n. limit= SoHo
147
what was beyond SoHo in Manhattan in 1790?
villages and farms
148
sheridan square. post holes and plow furrows.
Greenwich Village
149
400 burials. 6 acres. modern day Elk and Duane. In used over a century (closed 1794) contained both enslaved and free African. Connection to Africa.
SITE: African Burial Ground
150
what did females being buried with fetal remains mean at the African Burial ground?
deaths at childbirth
151
In burial 101 what did an adult male. coffin with sankofa symbol (Ghana). teeth filled. no childhood malnutrition but breakage alone spines mean?
beatings in adulthood
152
When did Revolutionary Warn New York occur?
1775-1783
153
what was occuring in NYC in 1776?
NYC was occupied by British
154
example of Revolutionary War NY. 50 huts; winter camp
SITE: Hesssian Soldiers Camp, Inwood
155
findings at Hessian Soldiers camp (5) (RNLMC)
1) regimental buttons
2) needles (patching)
3) liquor bottles
4) musket ball molds
5) carved balls (for dice)
156
When did Federal New York occur?
Post Revolutionary war- 1783
157
when was NY the nation's capital?
1789-1790
158
characteristics of Federal New York (3) (SDC)
1) supreme court (first sitting)
2) drafting/ratification of Bill of Rights
3) economic center=explosive growth
159
characteristics of Growth in NY during Federal NY (2) (EI)
1) erie canal 1825 (economic boom)
| 2) immigration (Irish famine)
160
by 1850 who comprised 1/4 of NYC's population?
Irish
161
Example of 19th Century NY. 1800s. Charles Dickens called it "Poverty wretchedness andvice averife.
Five Points Slum, 500 Pearl
162
characteristics of Five Points Slum (3) (BMM)
1) birth of middle class
2) mass-produced goods (similar to wealthier areas)
3) more stable part of city than previously realized
163
what were excavated to be true of Five Points bad rep?
Brothels
164
characteristics of findings from front of brothels
porcelin tea set, platters, punch cups, traces of food (wine, olive, meat) (entertaining an important element)
165
characteristics of back of brothel (3) (DSF)
1) dangers of prostitution
2) syringes and medicine bottles (meds for Sarsparilla)
3) fetal infant skeleton
166
when did NYC and Pulblic schools rise in Modern NYC?
1850s
167
when did Central Park open?
1859
168
when did the Brooklyn bridge get built?
1883 (brooklyn consolidated 1898)
169
when did the inter borough rapid transit operate its first subway
1904
