Arthrology

Question 1

What is the term used to identify the study of joints

Answer 1

Arthrology

Question 2

What term is used to identify the study of ligaments

Answer 2

syndesmology

Question 3

What are the three histological classifications of joints

Answer 3

fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial fluid

Question 4

What are the tree classifications of joints based on movement potential

Answer 4

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis

Question 5

Which classification of synarthrosis implies a bond condition

Answer 5

syndesmosis

Question 6

What is the classification of a joint held together with cartilage

Answer 6

synchondrosis

Question 7

What is the classification of a joint formed by a growth condition

Answer 7

symphysis

Question 8

What is the name given to a condition in which bones are fused together by bone

Answer 8

synostosis

Question 9

What is the condition in which teeth are abnormally aligned during closure of the mouth

Answer 9

malocclusion

Question 10

What fibrous connective tissue classically fills the joint space of a syndesmosis

Answer 10

interosseous ligament

Question 11

What are the classic examples of the less moveable or “fixed” syndesmosis

Answer 11

tibia-fibula shaft articulation, radio-ulnar shaft articulation, coraco-clavicular joint or tympano-stapedial joint

Question 12

What are the examples of the typical syndesmosis from the vertebral column

Answer 12

most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column and ligamentous sacro-iliac joints

Question 13

What are the characteristics of the (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis

Answer 13

they are primary cartilage joints, temporary in longevity, composed of hyaline cartilage and form between ossification centers within a cartilage template

Question 14

What are examples of temporary cartilage joints

Answer 14

metaphysis, neuro-central joint, neural-arch joint and chondrocranium

Question 15

What are examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis

Answer 15

costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint

Question 16

Which cartilage joint classification would be considered secondary

Answer 16

(amphiarthrosis) symphisis

Question 17

What type of cartilage is characteristic of the (amphiarthrosis) symphisis

Answer 17

fibrocartilage or fibrous cartilage

Question 18

What are the characteristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphisis

Answer 18

limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification

Question 19

What are the classic examples of a (amphiarthrosis) symphisis

Answer 19

intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, sternal symphyses and symphysis menti

Question 20

Which example of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis is temporary

Answer 20

symphysis menti

Question 21

What are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints

Answer 21

articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid

Question 22

Thickening of the fibrous capsule connective tissue will form the

Answer 22

Capsular ligament

Question 23

What generic accessory ligaments may accompany and support the capsular ligamnet

Answer 23

intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments

Question 24

What are the characteristics of the type 1 articular receptors

Answer 24

located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint “at rest”

Question 25

What are the characteristics of type two articular receptors

Answer 25

located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal range of motion

Question 26

What are the characteristics of type three articular receptors

Answer 26

present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendon organs not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme jonint motion

Question 27

What is the function of type four articular receptors

Answer 27

nociceptive, the monitor pain

Question 28

Type four A articular receptors would be present in what locations

Answer 28

Fibrous capsule, articular fat pads or adventitia of blood vessels

Question 29

Type four B articular receptors would be present in what locations

Answer 29

accessory ligaments in general, dense in the Posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine

Question 30

type four articular receptors would be absent in what part(s) of the synovial (diarthrosis) joint

Answer 30

synovial membrane articular cartilage and synovial menisci or intra-articular discs

Question 31

What are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane

Answer 31

1) synovial villi 2) articular fat pads or Haversian glands 3) synovial menisci and intra-articular discs

Question 32

What is the generic function of modifications of articular synovial membrane

Answer 32

aid in spreading synovial fluid

Question 33

What is the apparent function of synovial villi

Answer 33

increase the surface of synovial membrane available for secretion-absorbtion phenomena

Question 34

Where are the articular fat pads located

Answer 34

in the fibrous layer of synovial membrane; they are absent from articular cartilage, synovial menisci, intraarticular disc

Question 35

Articular fat pads are most numerous in what locations along the vertebral column

Answer 35

lumbar zygapophyses

Question 36

Intra-articular discs are a feature of what joint examples

Answer 36

temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular and radio-ulnar joints

Question 37

Synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples

Answer 37

femur-tibia articulations, cervical zygapophyses and lumbar zygapophyses

Question 38

What are the layers of the synovial membrace

Answer 38

outer fibrous layer and an inner (lumenal) cellular layer AKA synovial lamina intima

Question 39

What are the specific functions of type A synovial cells

Answer 39

are phagocytic

Question 40

What is the specific function of type B synovial cells

Answer 40

secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid

Question 41

What are the primary constituents of articular cartilage

Answer 41

water, cells, collagen type 2 fibers and proteoglycan gel

Question 42

What is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage

Answer 42

form a network for water retention