Articulations - General

Question 1

What are the structures of the joints?

Answer 1

Fibrous- held together with fibrous tissue
Cartilaginous- held together by cartilage
Synovial- covered in cartilage and synovial fluid

Question 2

What are the functions of joints?

Answer 2

Synartroses- immoveable
Amphiarthroses- slightly moveable
Diarthroses- freely moveable (always synovial)

Question 3

What are the 3 different types of fibrous joints?

Answer 3

1) gomphoses
2) suture
3) syndesmoses

Question 4

What is gomphoses and what are some examples?

Answer 4

Gomphoses is held together by bone
Ex. Teeth- periodontal ligaments hold them into place
- synarthrosis

Question 5

Where are suture joints found?

Answer 5

Between bones of the skull
- synarthrosis

Question 6

What is syndesmoses and what are some examples?

Answer 6

Syndesmoses is fibrous joints in between certain bones?
Ex.
- radius to ulna
- tibia to fibula
- amphiarthroses
- interosseous membrane

Question 7

What are the 2 different cartilaginous joints?

Answer 7

1) synchondroses
2) symphyses

Question 8

What is synchondroses and what are some examples?

Answer 8

Synchondroses is joined together by hyaline cartilage
- synarthroses
Ex. Epiphyseal growth plate, costal cartilage

Question 9

What is symphyses and where is it found?

Answer 9

Symphyses are pads of fibrocartilage between bones
Ex. Amphiarthroses, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

Question 10

What are the 3 synovial diarthotic joints?

Answer 10

1) articular capsule
2) joint cavity
3) articular cartilage (hyaline)

Question 11

What are the 2 parts of articular capsules and what are they?

Answer 11

1) fibrous capsule: dense connective tissue on the outside
2) synovial membrane: surrounds the articulating surfaces

Question 12

What do synovial membranes secrete?

Answer 12

Synovial fluid

Question 13

What does synovial fluid do?

Answer 13

Synovial fluid keeps the cartilage clean and healthy?

Question 14

What is a joint cavity?

Answer 14

The space which contains the synovial fluid

Question 15

What does articular cartilage do?

Answer 15

Reduces friction

Question 16

What is mature cartilage called?

Answer 16

AVASCULAR

Question 17

What are the 4 accessory synovial?

Answer 17

1) bursae: sac containing synovial fluid inside synovial membrane
2) tendon sheaths: elongated bursae around tendons
3) ligament: bone to bone
4) tendons: dense connective tissue, muscle to bone, helps stabilize the joint

Question 18

What are the 3 movements of synovial joints?

Answer 18

1) uniaxial- moves in 1 place
2) biaxial- moves in 2 planes
3) multiaxial- moves in many planes (rotate)

Question 19

What are the characteristics of diarthrotic- synovial- planter/gliding joints?

Answer 19

• uniaxial
• allow side to side movements (gliding)
• least moveable of diarthroses

Question 20

What are some examples of diarthrotic- synovial- planar/gliding joints?

Answer 20

Intercapals, intertarsals, articulating processes of vertebrae

Question 21

What are the characteristics of diarthrotic- synovial- hinge joints?

Answer 21

• uniaxial
• convex surface of one fits into concave surface of another

Question 22

What are some examples of diarthrotic- synovial- hinge joints?

Answer 22

• tibiofemoral joint
• talocrural joint
• interphalangeal joint
• humeroulnar joint
• TMJ

Question 23

What are the characteristics of diarthrotic- synovial- pivot joint?

Answer 23

• uniaxial
• rounded surface fits into ring formed by ligament and another bone

Question 24

What are some examples of diarthrotic- synovial- pivot joint?

Answer 24

• proximal radioulnar
• atlantoaxial joint

Question 25

What are the characteristics of a diarthrotic- synovial- condyloid joint?

Answer 25

- biaxial - convex surface on one bone articulates with concave surface of other

Question 26

What are some examples of a diarthrotic- synovial- condyloid joint?

Answer 26

- metacarpophalangeal joint (#2-#5) - radiocarpal joint

Question 27

What are the characteristics of a diarthrotic- synovial- saddle joint?

Answer 27

- biaxial - concave in one direction is articulated with the convex surface of another

Question 28

What are some examples of a diarthrotic- synovial- saddle joint?

Answer 28

- first carpometacarpal joint - incus and malleus - sternoclavicular joint

Question 29

What are the characteristics of a diarthrotic- synovial- ball and socket joint?

Answer 29

- multiaxial - head of one bone articulates with a socket of second bone

Question 30

What are some examples of diarthrotic- synovial- ball and socket joint?

Answer 30

- acetabulofemoral joint - glenohumeral joint

Question 31

What are the 19 different movements?

Answer 31

1) flexion. 10) pronation 2) extension. 11) protraction 3) hyperextension 12) retraction 4) gliding. 13) opposition 5) lateral flexion. 14) elevation 6) abduction. 15) depression 7) adduction. 16) dorsiflexion 8) cirumduction. 17) plantarflexion 9) supination. 18) inversion 19) eversion

Question 32

What is flexion?

Answer 32

Anterior posterior plane. Decreases angle between bones

Question 33

What is extension?

Answer 33

Anterior posterior plane. Increases angle between the bones usually anatomical position

Question 34

What is hyperextension?

Answer 34

Beyond 180*

Question 35

What is gliding?

Answer 35

Movement of surface of two bones, angle doesn’t change

Question 36

What is lateral flexion?

Answer 36

Coronal plane away from the body (Primarily vertebra in cervical and lumbar regions)

Question 37

What is abduction?

Answer 37

Moving away from midline

Question 38

What is adduction?

Answer 38

Moving towards midline

Question 39

What is circumduction?

Answer 39

Movement of distal end of body in a cone motion (Proximal stays still)

Question 40

What is supination?

Answer 40

Palm faces anterior (up)

Question 41

What is pronation?

Answer 41

Palm is posterior and inferior (down)

Question 42

What is protraction?

Answer 42

Movement of body part anteriorly

Question 43

What is retraction?

Answer 43

Movement of body part posteriorly (back to AP)

Question 44

What is opposition?

Answer 44

Movement of a body part

Question 45

What is elevation?

Answer 45

Superior movement of a body part

Question 46

What is depression?

Answer 46

Inferior movement of a body part

Question 47

What are the 2 movements of talocrural joint?

Answer 47

1) dorsiflexion: Bend foot up 2) plantarflexio: bend foot down

Question 48

What are the 2 movements of intertarsal joint?

Answer 48

1) inversion: movement of foot in (medial) 2) eversion: movement of foot out (lateral)

Question 49

What does synarthroses mean?

Answer 49

Means not moveable

Question 50

What does amphiarthroses mean?

Answer 50

Means semi-moveable

Question 51

What does diarthroses mean?

Answer 51

Means freely moveable 1) uniaxial 2) biaxial 3) multiaxial

Question 52

What is inversion?

Answer 52

Movement of the foot in (medial)

Question 53

What is eversion?

Answer 53

Movement of the foot out (lateral)

Question 54

What is dorsiflexion?

Answer 54

Bending of the foot up

Question 55

What is plantarflexion?

Answer 55

Bending of the foot down